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Fabrication of Highly Efficient ­Bi2Sn2O7/C3N4 Composite with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Degradation of Organic Pollutants Engy Elhaddad1 · Wajid Rehman2   · Muhammad Waseem3 · Mohsan Nawaz2 · Sirajul Haq4 · Cun‑Yue Guo5 Received: 16 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Highly efficient ­Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 composite is reported in present work for enhancing the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in the water. The ­Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 composite was prepared by direct milling the mixture of pre-synthesized ­Bi2Sn2O7, as a complexing agent, and Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The synthesized composites were characterized by the state of art analytical tools such as XRD, TEM, DRS and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface area of C2 composite (42.8 m2/g) was measure from the nitrogen adsorption/desorption data using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). ­Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 was found an excellent photocatalyst for the degradation of RhB (91%) in 6 h. The performance enhancement of the photoactivity is because of improved electron-hole separation efficiency due to active electron transfer between ­Bi2Sn2O7 and g-C3N4 of the ­Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 composite. Keywords  Photocatalytic activity · Composite · Water treatment, organic contaminant, g-C3N4

1 Introduction During the recent era, water pollution is broadly studied due to giant impact on the ecosystem. The use of chemicals in the industries and their release as an organic effluent into environment is becoming a common problem on a global scale which is demanding more attention. To overcome this serious issue, photocatalysts are receiving high attention for * Wajid Rehman [email protected] * Cun‑Yue Guo [email protected] 1



National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt

2



Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan

3

Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

4

Department of Chemistry, University of Azad Jammu Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan

5

School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China



removing the organic pollutants from the waste water. Bismuth is one of the promising elements for the degradation of organic contaminates [1]. Hence, it is an interesting research area to utilize B ­ i2Sn2O7 as a kind of pyrochlore-type stannate [2, 3]. ­Bi2Sn2O7 has an octahedral crystal structure of ­SnO6 that shows the photocatalytic activities. The forms variety of polymorphs causes changing in B ­ i2Sn2O7 photocatalytic performances [4, 5]. The polymorphs forms are; α-monoclinic, β-face-centered cubic, and γ-cubic [6]. It has been found that ­Bi2Sn2O7 is formed at room temperature [7] as α- polymorph with the non-Centro symmetric monoclinic space group P1C1 [8]. The structural defect, which developed in ­Bi2Sn2O7 preparation and surface area, has a strong impact on the photocatalytic activities of ­Bi2Sn2O7 [9]. Photocatalytic performance of ­Bi2Sn2O7 is quite sm