Facile In-Situ Synthesis of Freestanding 3D Nanoporous Cu@Cu 2 O Hierarchical Nanoplate Arrays as Binder-Free Integrated
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INTRODUCTION
CURRENTLY, with the rapid development of industry and society, the excessive depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environment pollution have become focus issues, and green, clean and sustainable energy strategy is a valid solution. The Li-ion battery, as a new kind of renewable energy storage device, can be expected to overcome the above-mentioned challenges effectively because of its high energy/power density, long cycle life, environmental benignity, renewable utilization and so on.[1–4] However, it will be difficult to meet future demands for rechargeable electric vehicles and smart power grids with the graphite anode widely used in current commercial LIBs because of its inherent
WENBO LIU and PENG CHENG are with the School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] SHICHAO ZHANG is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China. SANQIANG SHI is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Manuscript submitted October 7, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
limitations of low theoretical specific capacity (372 mAh g 1), unsatisfactory rate capability and poor safety.[5,6] As a result, seeking high-performance anode materials is imperative. In recent years, transition metal oxides (TMOs, M = Fe, Mn, Co, Cu and so on) with multi-electron conversion reactions proposed by Tarascon et al. have attracted considerable attention owing to the higher specific capacity, longer cycle life and better rate ability.[7] Among them, Cu2O is one of the most promising anode candidates because of its unique physical characteristics, such as high safety, low cost, nontoxicity and abundant sources. Even so, many obvious drawbacks still exist that need to be solved urgently before commercialization, especially the low electrical conductivity and rapid exfoliation of active materials caused by the violent volume and structural changes during repeated electrochemical reactions, which markedly reduce the charge transport ability and thus lead to poor Li storage properties.[8] To decrease the negative volume effects and improve the overall electrochemical performance, various Cu2O anodes with different nanostructure designs have been synthesized and probed in LIBs, such as nanoparticles,[9] nanorods,[10,11] nanowires,[12] nanospheres[13] and nanoplates.[14,15] Among them, the 2D nanoplate array
structure attracts greater interests because of its large specific surface area, unique charge transport pathways and multi-coupling quantum effects, leading to improved electrochemical performance. For example, Song et al.[15] reported 2D planar copper foil-supported Cu2O nanoplate arrays fabricated by potentiodynamic electrodeposition, which exhibited gradually increasing reversible capacities from 323 to 1206 mAh g 1 during 500 cycles. Obviously, compared with the conventional 2D planar counterparts, 3D nanostructured substrates
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