Factors associated with work impairment and productivity among Lebanese community pharmacists
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Factors associated with work impairment and productivity among Lebanese community pharmacists Rita Farah1,2 · Diana Malaeb3,4 · Hala Sacre2 · Marwan Akel2,3 · Souheil Hallit2,5 · Pascale Salameh1,2,6 Received: 3 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Background Community pharmacists provide an essential service by promoting, maintaining and improving the health of the community. However, factors affecting community pharmacists’ work productivity remain poorly studied. Objective Our study aimed to assess, on a national level, work productivity components and its correlates among Lebanese community pharmacists. Methods: The study was carried out between March and July 2018, using a representative sample of community pharmacies from all districts of Lebanon. Main outcome measure: The work productivity components were assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire. Results The study included 435 community pharmacists, the prevalence of sickness presenteeism and sickness absenteeism reached 91% and 45%, respectively. Presenteeism was positively associated with reporting higher depression score (β = 0.26) and insomnia (β = 0.20) whereas better mental (β = − 0.35) and physical health (β = − 0.38) were negatively associated with presenteeism. Absenteeism was positively associated with male gender (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.14–3.70), reporting higher depression score (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.02–1.11) and negatively associated with better mental and physical health (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90–0.96 and adjusted OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93–0.99; respectively). Activity impairment was positively associated with depression (β = 0.16) and insomnia (β = 0.12) and negatively associated with better mental (β = − 0.22) and physical health (β = − 0.015). Conclusion This is the first study assessing work productivity and activity impairment among Lebanese community pharmacists. Further research is needed to predict sickness absenteeism and presenteeism and this information will be useful to ensure quality of care is delivered. Keywords Activity impairment · Community pharmacists · Lebanon · Sickness absenteeism · Sickness presenteeism · Work productivity
Impacts on practice Souheil Hallit and Pascale Salameh are jointly the last co-authors. * Souheil Hallit [email protected] 1
Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
2
INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
3
School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
4
Life Sciences and Health Department, Paris-Est University, Paris, France
5
Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
6
Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
• The prevalence of sickness presenteeism and sickness
absenteeism highlight that community pharmacists in Lebanon work in less than optimal conditions. • Goo
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