Fate and Translocation of (Nano)Particulate Matter in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Nanoscience has flourished with increasing use of nanoparticles in many products. The particles enter the environment and affect both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Via the water supply and the food chain, humans could be affected by inge
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Fate and Translocation of (Nano)Particulate Matter in the Gastrointestinal Tract Andreas Frey, Katrin Ramaker, Niels Röckendorf, Barbara Wollenberg, Ingmar Lautenschläger, Gabriella Gébel, Artur Giemsa, Markus Heine, Denise Bargheer and Peter Nielsen Abstract Nanoscience has flourished with increasing use of nanoparticles in many products. The particles enter the environment and affect both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Via the water supply and the food chain, humans could be affected by ingesting those particles. In this chapter, we will discuss mechanisms by which nanoparticles or their constituents can be translocated from the gastrointestinal tract, what their fate may be and how relevant this is for human health.
12.1 Introduction In the usual sense, the term “nanoparticle” stands for manufactured or engineered nanoparticulate matter. Several thousand tons of engineered nanoparticles per year are produced worldwide [1]. Many different classes of nanoparticles are designed that offer tuneable properties to cover many applications in materials science, electronics, dyes, pigments and paint technology, catalysis, antibiotics, as well as in nanomedicine and many others [2] (Fig. 12.1). What is less well known is the fact that nature itself is a skilled nanotechnologist and naturally formed nanoparticles occur in volcanic ash clouds, wood soot, spring A. Frey (B) · K. Ramaker · N. Röckendorf Division of Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostics, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany e-mail: [email protected] B. Wollenberg Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany I. Lautenschläger Clinic for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany G. Gébel · A. Giemsa · M. Heine · D. Bargheer · P. Nielsen Institute of Biochemisty and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 P. Gehr and R. Zellner (eds.), Biological Responses to Nanoscale Particles, NanoScience and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_12
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Fig. 12.1 Different classes of engineered nanoparticles. Many properties such as size, shape, surface charge, surface coating can be designed in synthesis what determines their specific physiochemical properties and may strongly influence their translocation and fate in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested
water, fine sand, and in biological materials as well [3]. These natural nanomaterials exist since millions of years on Earth. Nanoparticles can be swallowed directly via food, beverages and drugs. Ingestion can also result from hand to mouth contact in the workplace [4], as well as from airway secretions which are contaminated with particles that have been cleared from the respiratory tract by the mucociliary escalator [5]. A new approach in nano
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