Fatty Acids at the Crossroads of Mitochondria Dynamics in Macrophages
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IMMUNOMETABOLISM (NOS CÂMARA, SECTION EDITOR)
Fatty Acids at the Crossroads of Mitochondria Dynamics in Macrophages João Victor Virgilio-da-Silva 1 Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira 1,2,3
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Juliana Silveira Prodonoff 1
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Lauar de Brito Monteiro 1
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Ana Campos Codo 1
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Accepted: 3 November 2020 / Published online: 18 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review This review describes the current knowledge about lipid metabolism in macrophages, its relation to mitochondrial dynamics, and the consequences in macrophage behavior. Recent Findings Lipid droplet (LD) expansion is necessary for optimal macrophage inflammatory response, as M1 (proinflammatory) macrophages accumulate LDs within the cytoplasm as a response to leptin signaling. The broken tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, a hallmark of M1 macrophage metabolism alongside fissioned mitochondria, generates accumulated citrate that feeds fatty acid synthesis (FAS), which supplies LDs with fatty acids. All of these pathways are connected in order to induce and maintain the M1 phenotype. Summary Macrophage profiles are closely related to their metabolism and mitochondrial network. Mitochondrial fission is linked with FAS in an essential mechanism for maintaining metabolic characteristics of M1 macrophages, in the context of LD expansion. While we do not know the full extent to which these factors interact, there are evident links between mitochondria dynamics and fatty acid metabolism in macrophage polarization which can be further explored. Keywords Lipid . Mitochondria . Immunometabolism . Macrophage
Introduction Cellular metabolism is a process through which cell components, energy (in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP), and molecules are built and broken down to enable the proper function of organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and the overall organism. Many molecules needed for bodily functions are built-in anabolism, in which smaller components such as João Victor Virgilio-da-Silva and Juliana Silveira Prodonoff contributed equally to this work. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Immunometabolism * Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
glucose are combined with others to form macromolecules, exemplified by lipids (in the anabolism of fatty acids, or FAS, as we will discuss during this review), but including many others. Catabolism is the process through which these larger molecules are broken down into smaller components, which can be used to supply the needs of many systemic functions. An example of catabolism would be fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Catabolic and anabolic reactions are intertwined and are co-dependent while also b
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