Fe 3 O 4 -mediated dielectric sensor using metamaterial-inspired resonators for the NO 2 sensing
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Fe3O4‑mediated dielectric sensor using metamaterial‑inspired resonators for the NO2 sensing Vivek Kale1 · Chetan Chavan1 · Dhanashree Sable1 · K. G. Girija2 · Shaibal Banerjee3 · S. N. Kale1 Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Detection of low concentrations of gaseous explosive formulations with NOx derivatives has been a demanding challenge, specifically because the hazard is colossal. Change in the dielectric constant of NO2-purged-Fe3O4 nanoparticles is sensed using metamaterial-inspired sensor. The interaction of NO2 with Fe3O4 nanoparticles steadily changes the dielectric properties of these particles, which are sensed by unit cell of complementary split-ring resonator with resonant frequency of 428 MHz. It shows a gradual change in its resonant frequency along with a new signature evolving around 300 MHz, as the incident NOx concentration changes from 0 to 106 ppm. Highly reliable, re-usable, and selective sensor is projected. Keywords Iron oxide nanoparticles · Sensor · Dielectric constant · NOx sensing
1 Introduction For the last few decades, sensors have been an integral part of instrumentation and utility gadgetry [1]. The demands for sensors have been met quite successfully in the commercial market [2]. However, the requirement of sensors in highly risk-prone areas is ever-challenging. The hazardous environments are typically related to chemical factories [3], textile industries [4], pharmaceutical industries [5], explosive and propellant deployment/storage areas [6, 7], hazardous biological environment (such as critical care units in hospitals) [8], and other such sensitive locations. Since the requirements are very niche, the advancements in such sensors are also limited and, therefore, the field is ever-evolving. Due to their toxicity and hazardous nature towards the human life and even to the ecosystem, researchers face a considerable challenge to design gas sensor that can detect low concentration of such gases (ppm or ppb) [9]. If the hazardous molecules are analyzed carefully, they are mostly of NOx and * S. N. Kale [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Physics, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune 411025, India
2
Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
3
Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Pune 411025, India
SOx derivatives [10]. Therefore, detection of such moieties could pave a way towards the detection of explosive and propellant materials, to a large extent. Though efforts have been made in the recent past [11, 12], the detection of minimal quantities is still a challenge. A gas sensor usually is a material that undergoes some chemical reactions with the analyte moiety and gives the signature of its altered composition, which is detected through the measurement of the altered properties [13]. This signature could be a change in its resistivity, pH, color, optical data, frequency shift, and so on
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