Feasibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the human kidney
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Feasibility of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the human kidney Eric Bechler1 · Julia Stabinska1 · Thomas Thiel1 · Jonas Jasse1 · Romans Zukovs2 · Birte Valentin1 · Hans‑Jörg Wittsack1 · Alexandra Ljimani1 Received: 29 June 2020 / Revised: 3 November 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 © European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB) 2020
Abstract Objective To evaluate the feasibility of in-vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the human kidney. Methods An axial single-breath-hold 3D multi-echo sequence (acquisition time 33 s) was completed on a 3 T-MRI-scanner (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) in 19 healthy volunteers. Graph-cut-based unwrapping combined with the T2*-IDEAL approach was performed to remove the chemical shift of fat and to quantify QSM of the upper abdomen. Mean susceptibility values of the entire, renal cortex and medulla in both kidneys and the liver were determined and compared. Five subjects were measured twice to examine the reproducibility. One patient with severe renal fibrosis was included in the study to evaluate the potential clinical relevance of QSM. Results QSM was successful in 17 volunteers and the patient with renal fibrosis. Anatomical structures in the abdomen were clearly distinguishable by QSM and the susceptibility values obtained in the liver were comparable to those found in the literature. The results showed a good reproducibility. Besides, the mean renal QSM values obtained in healthy volunteers (0.04 ± 0.07 ppm for the right and − 0.06 ± 0.19 ppm for the left kidney) were substantially higher than that measured in the investigated fibrotic kidney (− 0.43 ± − 0.02 ppm). Conclusion QSM of the human kidney could be a promising approach for the assessment of information about microscopic renal tissue structure. Therefore, it might further improve functional renal MR imaging. Keywords Quantitative susceptibility mapping · Renal MRI · Functional renal imaging
Introduction In recent years, there has been an increasing research interest in functional renal MRI. Several previous studies have demonstrated great potential of MRI biomarkers for characterizing different pathological processes involved in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1–3]. A histological Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-020-00895-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Alexandra Ljimani [email protected]‑duesseldorf.de 1
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
2
hallmark of CKD, and a major cause of progressive renal function loss is the renal interstitial fibrosis. Therefore, interstitial fibrosis degree in the renal tissue is an impor
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