Features and applications of a field imaging chlorophyll fluorometer to measure stress in agricultural plants
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Features and applications of a field imaging chlorophyll fluorometer to measure stress in agricultural plants Alexander I. Linn1 · Alexander K. Zeller1 · Erhard E. Pfündel2 · Roland Gerhards1 Accepted: 15 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Most non-destructive methods for plant stress detection do not measure the primary stress response but reactions of processes downstream of primary events. For instance, the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm, which indicates the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II, can be employed to monitor stress originating elsewhere in the plant cell. This article describes the properties of a sensor to quantify herbicide and pathogen stress in agricultural plants for field applications by the F v/Fm parameter. This dedicated sensor is highly mobile and measures images of pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorescence. Special physical properties of the sensor are reported, and the range of its field applications is defined. In addition, detection of herbicide resistant weeds by employing an Fv/Fm-based classifier is described. The PAM-imaging sensor introduced here can provide in-field estimation of herbicide sensitivity in crops and weeds after herbicide treatment before any damage becomes visible. Limitations of the system and the use of a classifier to differentiate between stressed and non-stressed plants based on sensor data are presented. It is concluded that stress detection by the Fv/Fm parameter is suitable as an expert tool for decision making in crop management. Keywords Chlorophyll fluorescence · Classifier · Decision support system · Plant stress · Pulse amplitude modulating fluorometer
Introduction With the need to reduce pesticide use in agriculture while maintaining high yields and food quality, the precise monitoring of crop physiological status is gaining increased importance. In the past four decades, several optical sensor systems have been developed to support farmers and consultants by identifying crop stress response to fungal infections and diseases, weed competition and pests (Peteinatos et al. 2016). Sensors have also been used to detect phytotoxic side effects of pesticides, mainly herbicides in crops (Weber et al. * Alexander I. Linn alinn@uni‑hohenheim.de 1
Department of Weed Science, Institute of Phytomedicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
2
Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany
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Precision Agriculture
2017). Pests, fungal diseases and weeds can be controlled with lower pesticide rates, when they are detected at an early stage of development. However, selection of the best pesticide is very difficult due to the worldwide emergence of resistant populations of weeds, fungi and pests to pesticides. These challenges call for new sensor systems allowing rapid and early plant stress detection under field conditions. Spectrometers measuring the reflected part of radiation determine the physiological status of the plants non-intrusively (Pascua et al. 2019). This type of sensor employs esta
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