Fecal medicines used in traditional medical system of China: a systematic review of their names, original species, tradi
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Chinese Medicine Open Access
REVIEW
Fecal medicines used in traditional medical system of China: a systematic review of their names, original species, traditional uses, and modern investigations Huan Du1†, Ting‑ting Kuang2†, Shuang Qiu3, Tong Xu2, Chen‑Lei Gang Huan2, Gang Fan2* and Yi Zhang2
Abstract In China, the medical use of fecal matter (fresh fecal suspension or dry feces) can be dated back to the fourth century, approximately 1700 years ago. In long-term clinical practice, Chinese doctors have accumulated unique and invalu‑ able medical experience in the use of fecal materials. In view of their good curative effect and medicinal potential, fecal medicines should be paid much attention. This study aimed to provide the first comprehensive data compilation of fecal medicines used in various Chinese traditional medical systems by bibliographic investigation of 31 medicine monographs and standards. A total of 54 fecal medicines were found to be used in 14 traditional Chinese medical systems. Their names, original species, medicinal forms, and traditional uses were described in detail. These fecal medicines were commonly used to treat gastrointestinal, nervous system, skin, and gynecological diseases. Com‑ monly used fecal medicines include Wu-Ling-Zhi, Jiu-Fen and Hei-Bing-Pian. The information summarized in this study can provide a good reference for the development and utilization of fecal medicines. Further studies are necessary to prove their medicinal value, identify their active ingredients, and elucidate their mechanisms of action so that more people can accept these special medicines. Keywords: Fecal medicines, Traditional Chinese medicine, Gut microbiota, Fecal microbiota transplantation, Gastrointestinal diseases Background Traditional medicines have been used for prevention and treatment of diseases for thousands of years in China. In recent decades, they have attracted worldwide attention due to their reliable therapeutic efficacy and low side effects. During the long-term struggle against diseases, ancient Chinese doctors found that some unexpected materials, such as human or animal feces, could also effectively treat diseases. In China, the medical use of fecal matter (fresh fecal suspension or dry feces) has a long history. During the Eastern Jin *Correspondence: [email protected] † Huan Du and Ting-ting Kuang contributed equally to this work 2 School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
dynasty (ad 300–400 years), “Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang”, a well-known monograph of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) written by Hong Ge, recorded a case of treating patients with food poisoning or severe diarrhea by ingesting human fecal suspension (known as yellow soup or Huang-Long decoction) [1]. During the Tang dynasty, Yutuo Ningma Yundan Gongbu compiled a world-famous book of Tibetan medicine called “The Four Medical Tantras”, which recorded that digestive diseases can be treate
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