Federal Regulations Create New Challenges in Materials Science
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Federal Regulations Create New Challenges in Materials Science F.G. Yost Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is
a compendium of rules pertaining to environmental protection, written primarily by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These environmental regulations stand some 19 inches wide on a library shelf and are enclosed by 15 volumes of everchanging information. Each of these volumes contains amendments made to the rules since the last publication of that volume, so the effective dates of new regulations can be difficult to ascertain. Interpreting certain regulations has been difficult for many, the cost of complying with them high, and the eventual impact on the national economy foreseen as gloomy. Few, however, would deny the benefits of a well-planned environmental protection plan and few would sympathize with private corporations that flagrantly ignore regulations, pollute their local environment and, when identified, sustain heavy fines from the EPA. With problems like acid rain, air and groundwater pollution, global warming, ecological system degradation, municipal, industrial, and nuclear waste (and the federal regulations designed to control them), the need for important materials science research and development is great. These opportunities can be compared in magnitude with those provided by the Manhattan Project, during the 1940s and 1950s, and by the semiconductor revolution in later years. The difference between these past projects and the current situation is the way in which funds are appropriated for the research and how the work is performed. Rather than independently funded research performed by multiple organizations, work on environmental problems is witnessing cooperation among industry, government, academia, and the public, with a consequent savings of research monies. This cooperation is often achieved with a consortium of organizations such as SEMATECH or the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences. Perhaps the. environmental problem reMRS BULLETIN/MARCH 1993
ceiving the most media attention is the destruction of the earth's protective ozone layer, first discovered1 over Antarctica in 1985 but conjectured2 as early as 1974. This destruction is attributed to chlorofluorocarbon solvents (CFCs), used in great quantities as cleaning agents in industry. CFCs are also used to remove rosin-based soldering flux from printed wiring boards (PWBs) after their assembly. In recent years, as a result of federal regulations (the Clean Air Act of 1990), tremendous progress has been made in finding suitable alternatives to these harmful chemicals. The trade journals have many announcements on new solvents such as d-limonene and new "no-clean" soldering fluxes. One of the more interesting of these new materials is a flux based on citric acid that was developed by Hughes Aircraft Company.3 This flux, HF1189, does not require any new processes, is environmentally benign, and can be removed with distilled water. By using it, Hughes expects to reduce its own CFC usage by 300,000 pounds per
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