Female genital mutilation and contraceptive use: findings from the 2014 Egypt demographic health survey
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Female genital mutilation and contraceptive use: findings from the 2014 Egypt demographic health survey Saba W. Masho1 • Olubunmi Orekoya1 • Elizabeth Lowery1 • Jordyn T. Wallenborn1 Received: 30 October 2019 / Revised: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+) 2020
Abstract Objectives Female genital mutilation (FGM) includes procedures that remove partial or total external female genitalia, or causes other injury to female genital organs with no medical reason. Physical and psychological trauma associated with FGM may interfere with a woman’s ability and intent to utilize contraception. Our study examines the association between FGM and utilization of contraception methods among sexually active reproductive-aged women in Egypt. Methods Data from the 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed (n = 20,055). Multinomial logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results Our study found that FGM was performed on over 90% of Egyptian women and almost half (45%) of women did not use contraception. Women with FGM had significantly lower odds (OR = 0.6) of using barrier/natural contraceptive methods (e.g., condoms) than intrauterine devices (IUDs). However, women with FGM were more likely to use hormonal methods (OR = 1.2) than IUDs compared to those who had not experienced FGM. Conclusions In order to promote women’s health and support use of effective contraception methods, a large reduction in FGM practice is essential. Keywords Female genital mutilation Contraception methods Birth control Womens health
Introduction In many parts of the world, females experience partial or total removal of external genitalia, or have serious injury to sexual organs with no medical reason (Peltzer and Pengpid 2014; World Health Organization 1997). Termed female genital mutilation (FGM), the removal of female external
Saba W. Masho: Deceased. & Jordyn T. Wallenborn [email protected] Saba W. Masho [email protected] Olubunmi Orekoya [email protected] Elizabeth Lowery [email protected] 1
School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main Street, Suite 821, P.O. Box 980212, Richmond, VA 23298-0212, USA
genitalia is practiced in many countries, but is predominately found in Africa (Banks et al. 2006). Over half of all women and girls who experience FGM live in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Indonesia (United Nations International Children’s Fund 2016). In fact, approximately 9 in 10 Egyptian women (89%) experience FGM (Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt 2015). FGM has no known evidence-based health benefits; rather, it has many short- and long-term complications including excruciating pain, hemorrhage, injury to adjacent structures, acute urinary retention, dyspareunia, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, poor obstetric outcomes, and psyc
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