Findings of Acupuncture Mechanisms Using EEG and MEG
Multimodality neuroimaging techniques provide more information about how acupuncture works. EEG and MEG have excellent temporal resolution which may make up the lack of MRI in temporal resolution. We will review recent acupuncture studies using EEG/MEG in
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Findings of Acupuncture Mechanisms Using EEG and MEG Wei Qin, Lijun Bai, Lingmin Jin, and Jie Tian
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Introduction
Multimodality neuroimaging techniques provide more information about how acupuncture works. EEG and MEG have excellent temporal resolution which may make up the lack of MRI in temporal resolution. We will review recent acupuncture studies using EEG/MEG in this chapter. In addition to modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), other noninvasive imaging techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have been applied to investigate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture. EEG allows the recording of spontaneous cerebral electrical activity over time via electrodes positioned on the scalp surface; MEG is a functional neuroimaging technique that maps brain activity by measuring magnetic fields generated by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain. Both EEG and MEG have very high temporal resolutions with the ability to resolve time scales on the order of milliseconds. Both of these measurements are painless and generally very safe. This chapter will review the principles of EEG and MEG as well as their use in the study of acupuncture.
W. Qin • L. Jin School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China L. Bai The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China J. Tian (*) CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Beijing, China e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 J. Tian (ed.), Multi-Modality Neuroimaging Study on Neurobiological Mechanisms of Acupuncture, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4914-9_4
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Principles of Electroencephalography (EEG)
The human brain is the most complexly organized biological structure known to man. There are at least 1010 neurons in the outermost layer of the brain (the cerebral cortex), and these cells are the active units in a vast signaling network that includes more than 1014 interconnections. The brain consists of two hemispheres separated by the longitudinal fissure. The left and right hemispheres are further divided into lobes by two deep grooves. Accordingly, there are four lobes in each half of the cortex: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have been used to functionally map most regions of cortex. In this chapter, we will review information about the effects of acupuncture in the brain garnered from EEG and MEG studies. EEG is a relatively young technique. In 1875, Richard Caton was the first to discover the existence of electrical currents in the brains of rabbits and monkeys using a device called Thomson’s mirror galvanometer (Caton 1875). In 1924, Hans Berger, considered the father of modern EEG, recorded the first human EEG using a string galvanometer and first
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