Finite Element and Experimental Analyses on the Formability of Steel Sheets Produced by Compact Endless Cast and Rolling
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FOR some decades, many researchers and engineers have tried to develop materials substitutable for steels.[1–3] However, the steel industry remains the most important because steel has numerous advantages including such as reasonable price, abundance, good recyclability, and excellent mechanical properties. Conventional steel-making processes, which have various inputs such as iron ore and scrap to form steel plates, are divided into three sub-processes: iron making, steel making, and final production. Moving from one step to the next step is discontinuous and involves transport, fuel, and additional reheating costs. Thus, there are many challenges in having a competitive steel industry.[4] More recently, a variety of new steel-making processes have been developed.[5] An optimum one among them will be determined through overall consideration of product,
JAE WUNG BAE, HO YONG UM, and HYOUNG SEOP KIM are with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang 790-784, South Korea. Contact e-mail: [email protected] SANG HYUN LEE and SEONG YEON KIM are with the Engineering Research Department, POSCO, Pohang 790-822, South Korea. BYEOUNG JIN MIN, JAE SOOK CHUNG, and KYO SUN PARK are with the Global POIST project Department, POSCO, Gwangyang 545-711, South Korea. MIN HONG SEO is with the Steel Solution Center, POSCO, Incheon 406-840, South Korea. Manuscript submitted May 18, 2016. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
environmental, and technical conditions. In relation to global energy issues, the ‘compact endless cast and rolling mill’ (CEM) is a strong candidate as a next-generation energy-saving steel process. The CEM process consists of high-speed casting and endless rolling, which converts molten steel into hot-rolled coils continuously and directly. Figure 1 shows the overall schematic of the CEM process. By free conversion between batch and endless rolling modes, it is possible to manufacture a range of products with thickness from 0.8 to 5.0 mm. Sheet formability, defined as the ability of materials to undergo plastic deformation without being fractured during sheet forming, is particularly important for industrial applications of a new material or process.[6] In particular, deep drawing, which involves tension, bending, and compression, has attracted attention from many researchers and engineers in modern industry, especially in the automotive industry. The deep drawing process is significantly sensitive to process parameters such as blank holding force, the die geometry, friction, and so on.[7–9] In addition, the mechanical properties of a material significantly affect its drawability. Many researchers have focused on the limit drawing ratio (LDR) and earing profile (related to the plastic strain ratio: r-value, and the planar anisotropy: Dr, respectively), in the deep drawing process.[10] Furthermore, drawability strongly depends on the crystallographic texture, which determines the average r-value.[11–15] High average r-value is esse
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