Flavonoids: A complementary approach to conventional therapy of COVID-19?
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Flavonoids: A complementary approach to conventional therapy of COVID-19? Julia Solnier
. Johannes-Paul Fladerer
Received: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 29 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract COVID-19, the highly contagious novel disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a major international concern as it has spread quickly all over the globe. However, scientific knowledge and therapeutic treatment options for this new coronavirus remain limited. Although previous outbreaks of human coronaviruses (CoVs) such as SARS and MERS stimulated research, there are, to date, no antiviral therapeutics available that specifically target these kinds of viruses. Natural compounds with a great diversity of chemical structures may provide an alternative approach for the discovery of new antivirals. In fact, numerous flavonoids were found to have antiviral effects against SARS-and MERS-CoV by mainly inhibiting the enzymes 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro). In this review, we specifically focused on the search for flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, which are proven to be effective against human CoVs. We therefore summarized and analyzed the latest progress in research to identify flavonoids for antiviral therapy and proposed strategies for future work on medicinal plants against coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. We discovered quercetin, herbacetin, and
J. Solnier (&) J.-P. Fladerer Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universita¨tsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria e-mail: [email protected]
isobavachalcone as the most promising flavonoids with anti-CoV potential. Keywords Flavonoids Coronaviruses Positivesense RNA viruses COVID-19 SARS-CoV SARSCoV-2 MERS-CoV
Introduction Historically, viral diseases have always emerged and posed major issues to public health. Several viral outbreaks—such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002–2003, the H1N1 influenza virus in 2009, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012—have caused serious global health concerns in recent years (Cascella et al. 2020). Over the past 50 years, there has been a noticeable increase in the emergence of different novel coronaviruses responsible for a wide range of human and veterinary diseases (Fehr and Perlman 2015). Most recently, a new viral epidemic with numerous cases of unexplained low respiratory tract infections occured in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, as it was first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 31 December 2019 (World Health Organization 2020b). The novel virus strain was identified as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggering
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coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (He et al. 2020a). On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic (World Health Organization 2020a). Coronaviruses (CoVs) are highly diverse, enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses (?
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