Flexible substrate sensors for multiplex biomarker monitoring
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2D Nanomaterials for Healthcare and Lab-on-a-Chip Devices Prospective Article
Flexible substrate sensors for multiplex biomarker monitoring Desmond Brennan and Paul Galvin, Life Science Interface Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College, Cork, Ireland Address all correspondence to Desmond Brennan at [email protected] (Received 23 April 2018; accepted 6 July 2018)
Abstract Wearable healthcare technologies should be non-invasive, robust to daily activity/environments, easy to use, and comfortable to wear. Flexible substrate devices for biomarker monitoring can contribute to wearable diagnostic applications. Single-target biosensors have extensively been developed for health-monitoring applications; however, recently multiplex biomarker tests have generated clinical interest. Targeting multiple biomarkers in diagnostic systems (wearable or point of care) offers more focused diagnosis and treatment as changes in a single biomarker can be caused by a series of physiologic conditions. This review highlights flexible substrates that have been successfully demonstrated for multiplex biomarker detection with potential for healthcare monitoring.
Introduction The single-target biosensor evolution from laboratory to wearable functionality was demonstrated by the classical glucose oxidase (GOx) biosensor, first described by Clarke in 1962 and developed by Medtronic in 2005 for continuous blood glucose monitoring. Single-target sensors have extensively been researched and commercialized for metabolites, antibodies, and proteins, etc. Bio-fluids such as saliva, tear, sweat, and interstitial fluid generate significant research around disease-specific biomarkers. Such fluids are naturally secreted by the body and are painlessly sampled unlike invasive blood draw. Saliva incorporates protein biomarkers[1] relevant to local cell activity and biomolecular function. It is used to monitor creatine, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, triglyceride, glucose levels, and correlates to blood pressure.[2] Tear fluid contains lipids, electrolytes, metabolites, and proteins[3] suitable for disease monitoring. Sweat is extensively used to measure physiologic parameters[4–6] and incorporates protein biomarkers associated with genetic diseases.[7] While single-target assays monitor specific conditions such as diabetes, multiplex protein screening offers improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for cancer. Recent reviews[8–10] have highlighted wearable technology progress around materials, assays, and instrumentation. Flexible substrates offer mechanical properties suitable for wearable devices with Young’s moduli compatible with skin applications.[11] Device structure typically consists of flexible layers, including support substrate, active layer, and electrical connections. Careful design[12] avoids device failure (cracking and delamination), caused by stretching and bending. Flexible substrate materials include paper, polymer, and textiles. All offer biocompatibility and robustness during device fabrication
and biomolecule immobilization. Nat
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