Flow Behavior and Processing Maps of a Low-Carbon Steel During Hot Deformation
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LOW-CARBON steels have been widely applied in automotive body parts, structural components of petroleum refinery, and other aspects due to theirs relatively low cost and can be processed easily.[1–3] Many industrial applications require the components that have proper microstructure, good mechanical properties as well as good dimensional stability. Knowing the deformation behavior of the materials is helpful to control the shape and the property of the products during and after hot-working process. The deformation behavior is generally described by the relationship between the flow stress and the processing parameters (deformation temperature, strain rate, and strain). Therefore, it is very necessary to investigate this relationship.[4] In recent years, constitutive equations and the ANN model have been widely used to research the deformation behavior of metals.[5–10] Hyperbolic sine law is one of the most important and favorable constitutive equations to express the hot deformation behavior of the metal. In the last several decades, it has been widely used by many researchers.[5–7] Moreover, the ANN model is another useful tool that has been applied to predict the flow stress.[8–10] In the past few decades, several methods have been applied to optimize the process parameters for hot deformation. It is obvious that the most widely used method is processing map which is based on dynamic material models (DMM).[11] By using the processing map, both the prediction of the deformation
XIAWEI YANG, Lecturer, and WENYA LI, Professor, are with the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: liwy@ nwpu.edu.cn Manuscript submitted March 22, 2015. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
mechanisms in different deformation conditions and the instable deformation zones can be obtained. These instable deformation zones should be avoided during hot deformation process. So the deformation parameters can be optimized and the mechanical properties of production can be controlled using the processing map. Therefore, using the processing map, the reliability of the components can be increased and the quality of the components can be improved. In recent years, processing map on the basis of DMM has been widely used in numerous materials, such as high-strength steels, austenitic stainless steels, Mg alloys, Al alloys, and so on.[12–19] Based on the data from compression tests, a more attractive approach is the use of finite element techniques.[20,21] Grasmo et al.[20] have used a two-dimensional Eulerian finite element model (FEM) to simulate the extrusion of an Al-Mg-Si alloy, AA6060. The model is the most practical and complete model of extrusion accomplished to date using FEM techniques. Chen et al.[21] have used a commercially available finite element package to simulate the extrusion process of the metal matrix composite (MMC). In publication,[21] Gleeble compression tests were perform
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