Fluid Flow, Dissolution, and Mixing Phenomena in Argon-Stirred Steel Ladles
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on into steel ladles is a commonly used technology in the secondary refining process to promote the stirring of liquid steel, to homogenize the temperature and chemical composition, to remove inclusions, and to enhance the slag–metal reactions. Bubbles are successively formed from porous plugs located at the base of the ladle. Due to buoyancy, the bubbles rise up and generate a recirculation flow pattern in the ladle, which is significant for the melting and dissolution of the ferroalloys added into the ladle; for the diffusion and convection of the mass and heat; for the coagulation, agglomeration, and floatation of inclusions; and for the emulsification of the top slag phase, etc. However, improper operations can cause a large number of problems, such as reoxidation, entrainment of the slag phase, and the enhancement of refractory wearing. Therefore, it is imperative that a proper simulation of
HAOJIAN DUAN, LIFENG ZHANG, and ALBERTO N. CONEJO are with the School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] BRIAN G. THOMAS is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401 and also with the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. Manuscript submitted February 5, 2018. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
the gas-stirred process is needed to understand the various phenomena in the gas-stirred ladle system.[1] During the past several decades, many physical models and computational models have been developed to investigate the fluid flow and mixing phenomena in gas-stirred ladles. Considerable efforts have been made by various groups of researchers to investigate underlying process dynamics in gas-stirred aqueous as well as low-melting-point alloy systems using physical modeling.[2–5] These studies provided the necessary information to understand the related phenomena, such as hydrodynamics and mixing, in gas-stirred ladles. However, physical models can never provide more than a reasonable estimate because of geometric scale factors and physical properties. Computational modeling plays a very important role in understanding the hydrodynamics, turbulence, mixing phenomena, etc., due to a lack of optical accessibility and the high temperature in industrial ladles. Currently, there are mainly three different approaches[6] to describe the gas–liquid two-phase flow in gas-stirred ladles, namely: (1) the quasi-single-phase model[7–15]; (2) the Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase approach[16–23]; and (3) the Eulerian–Lagrangian multiphase approach.[24–28] Table I lists the summary of previous publications that have investigated the fluid flow in argon-stirred steel ladles. The quasi-single phase model is the earliest attempt to model fluid flow in gas-stirred ladles, and it still retains
Table I. Year
Author [7]
Summary of Simulation Studies of Fluid Flow in Argon-Stirred Ladles
Methods
1975 Szekely et al.
Q
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