Forced Migration in Eastern Africa Democratization, Structural Adjus
This study enriches understanding of East Africa's refugee situation by examining the conditions that gave rise to it and how the refugees themselves sought to reconstruct their lives. Focusing on the 1990s, Veney compares Kenya and Tanzania, two nations
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Forced Migration in Eastern Africa Democratization, Structural Adjustment, and Refugees
Cassandra R. Veney
FORCED MIGRATION IN EASTERN AFRICA
© Cassandra R. Veney, 2007. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-7610-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-53672-6 DOI 10.1057/9780230601956
ISBN 978-0-230-60195-6 (eBook)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veney, Cassandra R, 1959– Forced migration in Eastern Africa : democratization, structural adjustment, and refugees / Cassandra R. Veney. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Refugees––Africa, Eastern. 2. Refugees––Kenya. 3. Refugees––Tanzania. 4. Forced migration––Africa, Eastern. 5. Social conflict––Africa, Eastern. I. Title. HV640.4.A354V46 2006 362.87561096762––dc22
2006046362
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: January 2007 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
vii
Acknowledgments
ix
List of Abbreviations
xi
Chapter 1 Chapter 2
Rethinking African Refugees and Forced Migration
1
Wars and Rumors of War: The Politics of Forced Migration for Kenya and Tanzania
19
Chapter 3
Changes in Official Refugee Policies
63
Chapter 4
Local Host Communities’ Responses to Refugees
105
The International Community and Refugees in Tanzania and Kenya
151
Chapter 6
Refugee Women in Kenya and Tanzania
189
Chapter 7
Conclusion
217
Chapter 5
Notes
225
Bibliography
237
Index
273
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List of Tables and Figures
Tables 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2
Refugee Population by World Region of Origin, 1993–2002 in ’000 Refugee Population by African Regions, 1993–2002 in ’000 Top Ten African Countries of Asylum, 1993–2002 in ’000 Top Ten African Countries of Refugee Origin, 1993–2002 in ’000 Refugees into Kenya, 1992–2002 in the ’000 Refugees into Tanzania, 1992–2002 in ’000
5 6 6 7 22 40
Figures 4.1 4.2
Refugee Camps in Kenya Operational Refugee Camps in Tanzania
112 136
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Acknowledgments
M
any people were instrumental in providing a variety of assistance that allowed me to complete this book. I only wish that I could acknowledge them all individually. However, I must thank K C Morrison
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