Forest Condition in a Changing Environment The Finnish Case
The threats posed by air pollution and climate change have resulted in considerable public debate about forest condition and growth during the past two decades. Despite the massive input ofresearch resources, no clear answers have been found to these glob
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FORESTRY SCIENCES Volume65
The titles published in this series are listed at the end a/this volume.
Forest Condition in a Changing Environment - The Finnish Case Edited by
EINO MALKONEN Finnish Forest Research Institute. Vantaa Research Centre. Vantaa. Finland
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5423-4 ISBN 978-94-015-9373-1 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-015-9373-1
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 . Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system , without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS ix
Preface I. Finnish Forests Importance of forests in Finland E. Malkonen
1-4
Finland 's forest resources in 1989-1994 and changes compared to 1951 E. Tomppo Growth variation H. Hentt onen II,
5-24 25-32
Environmental Factors C limatic and weather conditions C limate chan ge H. Tuomenvirta
33-40
Weather conditions during 1980-1995 and tree damag e directly attributable to weather H. Raitio
41-48
Air pollutants Emissions, air quality and acidifying depos ition G. Nordlund
49-59
Heavy metal loading E. Kubin . H. Lippott) and 1. Poikolainen
60-71 72- 86
Soil factors P. Tamminen III,
Forest Condition 87-92
Tree tolerance, resist ance and defence Al -L. S utinen and P. Niemela Tree nutrient status H. Raitio , P. Tamminen, J.-P . Tuovinen and P. Anttila
v
93-102
VI
Air pollutants and frost-hardiness of conifer needles A1. -L. Sutinen and H. Raitio
103-105
Effects of ozone on trees and forest insects T. Holopainen, E. Oksan en and J.K. Holopainen
106-1 12
Cellular and tissue changes in needles
113-120
5. Sutinen and M Kivima enpaa
Crown condition
12\-132
M Salemaa and M Lindgren
Dynamics of defoliation, biotic and abiotic damage during 1986-1998
133-\4\
5. Nevalainen and J. Heinonen
Forest condition in relation to environmental factors
142-155
M Lindgren, M Sal emaa and P. Tamminen
Changes in abundance of some forest floor mosses
\56-161
R. Makipaa, J. Heikkinen , K. Mikkola, A. Reinikain en and M Salemaa
Epiphytic lichens as indicators of air quality
162-170
J. Poikolain en, M Kuusinen and K. Mikkola
Abundance of epiphytic lichens in litterfall during 1967-1994
171-172
J. Poikolainen and M Kuusinen
Changes in lichen abundance and index of atmospheric purity during 1985-1995
173-178 .
J. Poikolainen, M Kuusinen and K. Mikkola
IV. Functioning of Forest Ecosystems
Structure and functioning of forest ecosystems H. -5. Helmisaari Effects of acidic deposition on soil solution quality and nutrient leaching in forest soils A.-J. Lindro os, J. Derome. M. Starr and L. Ukonmaanaho
179-182
183-199
Effects of acidic dep
