Formal education and disaster response of children: evidence from coastal villages in Indonesia
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Formal education and disaster response of children: evidence from coastal villages in Indonesia Masahiro Shoji1 · Yoko Takafuji2 · Tetsuya Harada3 Received: 10 April 2019 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Although children are exposed to a high mortality risk during disasters, what determines their disaster response, especially during earthquakes, remains largely unexplored. The goal of this study is to examine the association between formal education and earthquake response. Using a unique survey collected from elementary school students in the coastal villages of Indonesia, we show that students’ attitude to learning science is positively associated with their risk perception, perceived coping ability, knowledge about the dis‑ aster mechanism and response, and propensity to respond appropriately. Parents’ disaster experience also significantly affects these outcomes. In contrast, attitude to religious class explains none of outcomes. Locus of control is associated with perception and knowledge, but not the response. Our findings suggest that the effects of education on the disaster mor‑ tality of children could vary with the school curriculum. Keywords Formal education · Disaster response · Earthquake · Children · Locus of control · Indonesia
* Masahiro Shoji [email protected]‑tokyo.ac.jp Yoko Takafuji [email protected] Tetsuya Harada [email protected] 1
Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo 113‑0033, Japan
2
Centre for Asian Area Studies, Rikkyo University, 3‑34‑1 Nishi‑ikebukuro, , Toshima‑ku, Tokyo 171‑8501, Japan
3
Credit Risk Analysis and Environmental Review Department, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Nibancho Center Building, 5‑25, Niban‑cho , Chiyoda‑ku, Tokyo 102‑8012, Japan
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Natural Hazards
1 Introduction Natural disasters cause immense loss of human lives. Between 1996 and 2015, 1.35 million people were killed in 7000 natural disasters worldwide, among which 56 percent were the victims of earthquakes and tsunamis (UNISDR and CRED 2016). Given the significance of the issue, the Sustainable Development Goals aim to reduce the number of disaster victims. It is particularly important for policymakers to facilitate the appropriate disaster response of children, who are exposed to the highest mortality risk (UNISDR 2007). Nonetheless, the disaster response of children, particularly during an earthquake, is not well understood. Previous empirical studies on disaster evacuation mainly rely on evidence of adults during hurricanes and cyclones (Eisenman et al. 2007; Riad et al. 2006; Saha 2015; Shoji and Murata 2018; Smith and McCarty 2009). However, behavioral patterns may differ between disasters. Unlike a hurricane and cyclone, the timing of an earthquake is unpredictable, forcing children to react immediately. This increases the possibility of decision errors driven by cognitive biases (Kahneman and Tversky 1972).1 Some descrip‑ tive studies and policymakers claim the importa
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