Formal Grammars and the Natural Language User: A Review
General review of relations between formal grammar theory, natural linguistics and psycholinguistics.
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TOPICS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
EDITED BY
A. MARZOLLO UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE
SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN GMBH
This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reselVed, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed specificaIly those of translation, ,reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data hanks. ©1976 by Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer Verlag Wien-New York in 1976
ISBN 978-3-211-81466-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-4358-2
ISBN 978-3-7091-4358-2 (eBook)
PREFACE The mechanization of some tasks which are considered as typical of the human intelligence has been a challenge for a long time, at least since the times of Leibniz and Pascal. At present, within the vast developments of computer science, the discipline called Artificial Intellingence (A.I.) has inherited this challenge and is now confronting itself with matters like automatic problem solving, "understanding" and translating natural languages, recognizing visual images and spoken sounds, etc . .. It does so by borrowing its theoretical tools from other sciences and, also, by trying to build its own theoretical bases. The present volume reflects this situation and aims at offering an appreciation of the wide scope of A.I. by collecting contributions of various researchers active in this field. The two first contributions, by Meltzer and by Marzollo and Ukovich are both concerned with the general problem of giving appropriate definitions of mathematical objects and its importance in connection with the task of automatic theorem proving. B. Meltzer tends to broaden our view of the reasoning activity involved in mathematics and gives a closer look at what a proof is, trying to discover general principles governing its design. The contribution of Marzollo and Ukovich deals with computable functions and proposes a new look at their properties. These are considered as independent of any description of the functions themselves and simply follow from the existence of a finite sentence unambiguously indicating their behaviour in correspondence to each natural number. The three next contributions (by Mandrioli, Sangiovanni Vincentelli and Somalvico, by Kulikowski and by Levelt) consider more specific aspects 0rA.I.: problem solving, visual images recognition and natural languages understanding. The first one extensively illustrates an algebraic approach to problem solving, based on the state-space, naive, syntactic and semantic descriptions. }. Kulikowski shows an interesting approach to the problem of pattern recognition which is based on a linguistic description and which treats a picture as a set of local and global features. He suggests a general scheme of pattern recognition based on semi-ordering relations between pictures. The last contribution by W. Levelt deals with the theory of formal grammars and the linguistic aspects of mathematical psychology. It clarifies the empirical domain of linguistic theory and the empiric interpretation of the elements
