Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures 10th In
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Preparation of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode and its application for determination of p-aminophenol Su-juan Li & De-Hua Deng & Huan Pang & Lin Liu & Yun Xing & Shui-Ren Liu
Received: 28 December 2011 / Revised: 3 March 2012 / Accepted: 7 March 2012 / Published online: 20 March 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract A simple and eco-friendly electrochemical method to reduce graphene oxide precursor was employed for fabrication of graphene sheets modified glassy carbon electrode, and then, the resulting electrode [electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO)/glassy carbon electrode (GCE)] was used to determine p-aminophenol. The experimental results demonstrated that the modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the redox of p-aminophenol as evidenced by the significant enhancement of redox peak currents and the decreased peak-to-peak separation in comparison with a bare GCE. A highly sensitive and selective voltammetry determination of p-aminophenol is developed using the ERGO/GCE. This method has been applied for the direct determination of p-aminophenol in artificial wastewater. Keywords Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide . Modified electrode . p-Aminophenol . Voltammetry
Introduction p-Aminophenol (p-AP) is a synthetic intermediate or a degradation product of the antipyretic and analgesic drug paracetamol, and has been found to be detected in pharmaceutical preparation of paracetamol [1]. Because of the distinct nephrotoxicity and teratogenic effect of p-AP, the maximum content of p-AP in pharmaceuticals has been limited to 50 ppm by the United States and European pharmacopeia [2]. In addition, S.-j. Li (*) : D.-H. Deng : H. Pang : L. Liu : Y. Xing : S.-R. Liu School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455002, China e-mail: [email protected]
p-AP is used as a fundamental chemical material for the production of chemical inhibitor, dyestuff, developer, and so on, which result in a substantive release of p-AP into the environment as ecological pollutants. So far, the content of p-AP in discharged wastewater should be less than 1.0 mg L−1 according to the standard of China [3]. Therefore, in view of major concerns about health and environmental protection, it is necessary to develop a simple, fast, sensitive, and accurate analytical method for determining p-AP in pharmaceutical tablets and wastewater. At present, a number of methods have been proposed to determine p-AP, such as chromatography [4], capillary electrophoresis [5], spectrophotometry [6], and electrochemical methods [7, 8]. Among these methods, the former three techniques usually require a complicated sample pretreatment process, expensive instruments, and long analysis time that make them unsuitable for routine analysis. Since p-AP is electroactive, and most electroanalytical techniques are less time-consuming, inexpensive, selective, highly sensitive, have good reliability and quick response, electrochemical techniques can be con
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