Four-dimensional virtual reality cine cardiac models using free open-source software
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Four-dimensional virtual reality cine cardiac models using free open-source software Sarv Priya 1
&
Prashant Nagpal 1
Received: 13 January 2020 / Revised: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This is a proof-of-concept study to create a four-dimensional (4-D) cine model of the heart and visualize it in virtual reality by using freely available open-source software and inexpensive hardware. Four-dimensional cine models allow for real-time visualization of cardiac structures during processes such as complex congenital heart disease. Such models can be used for patient and trainee education, and potentially for surgical planning. Currently, 3-D printed models are more commonly used, but they are static, showing only one selected phase of the cardiac cycle. Second, they are limited by the selection of clipping planes before printing. Four-dimensional segmentation and virtual reality visualization overcome these limitations. Currently, most of the work in virtual/augmented reality models involves the segmentation of one cardiac phase or the use of expensive software for multiphase segmentation. In this study, we show an approach for multiphase cardiac segmentation as well as its display using free open-source software and relatively inexpensive hardware. Keywords Augmented reality . Children . Congenital heart disease . Dynamic cine cardiac model . Four-dimensional models . Heart . Three-dimensional printing . Virtual reality
Description Patient- and disease-specific 3-D modeling techniques are excellent tools for improving patient communication, trainee education, and pre-surgical processing. Currently, printed 3-D models are used for these purposes in many diseases and among various specialties. For complex congenital heart disease, 3-D printed models have been demonstrated to improve education and communication [1]. However, 3-D printed models have limitations like relatively high cost, the requirement of on-site printers, and the quality of the product (rigid versus flexible model), as well as the need for storage space for the models [2]. Additionally, printed cardiac models are static, with no dynamic rendering possible. Virtual reality is a
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04758-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sarv Priya [email protected] 1
Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
relatively new computer-generated simulation technique that enables interaction with a 3-D model using electronic equipment. Virtual reality involves the visualization of the highresolution virtual cardiac model by a wearable headset and interactive manipulation using hand-held controllers. It allows for real-time clipping/slicing of heart models with unlimited viewing angles [3]. These models can be stored digitally, and the virtual reality set-up is e
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