Fourier Transform

In the field of image processing, a sampled signal usually serves directly as input data for algorithms which extract geometric features or segmented images (Sect. 6.5, see also Chapter 21). Gray—level images, for instance, are used to compute point or li

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Dietrich Paulus · Joachim Hornegger

Pattern recognition of images and speech in C

Dietrich W. R. Paulus Joachim Hornegger

PaHern Recognition of Images and Speech in C++

Advanced Studies in Computer Science

Ralf Jungelaus Modeling of Dynamic Object Systems Christoph W. Keßler Automatie Parallelization Jürgen M. Schneider Protocoi-Engineering Gerherd Heyer/ Hans Haugeneder Language Engineering Dejan S. Miojicic Load Distribution Reinherd Gotzhein Open Distributed Systems Falko Bausei Pieter S. Kritzinger Stochastic Petri Nets Dietrich W. R. Paulus/ Joachim Hornegger PaHern Recognition of Images and Speech in C++

Vieweg

Dietrich W. R. Paulus Joachim Hornegger

PaNern Recognition of lntages and Speech in C++.

II vteweg

Verlag Vieweg, P.O. Box 5829, D-65048 Wiesbaden Ali rights reserved © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 1997 Ursprtinglich Erschienen bei Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1997 Vieweg is a subsidiary company of the Bertelsmann Professional Information. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. http://www. vieweg.de Ursprunglich Erschienen bei

ISBN 978-3-528-05558-5 ISBN 978-3-663-13991-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-663-13991-1

To Dorothea, Belinda, and Dominik

In the text we use the following names which are protected, trademarks owned by a company or should be emphasized otherwise: GNU, HP, AT&T, Unix, PostScript lt-TP', HTK, Entropie, Corel Draw.

CONTENTS

Part I

Introductions

1 Pattern Recognition 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

Images and Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applications of Pattern Recognition . . . . . Environment, Problem Domain, and Patterns Characterization of Pattern Recognition Speech Recording . . . . . . . . . Video Cameras and Projections . . From Continuous to Digital Signals Sampling Theorem in Practice . . . Visualization and Sound Generation

2 From C to C++ 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

Syntax Notation . . . . . . . . Principle of C++ Compilation . Function Calls and Arguments . Declaration and Definition of Variables Unix-File Access via Standard Functions Numeric Expressions Main Program . . . Function Definition Scope and Lifetime

3 Software Development 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

Software for Pattern Recognition Software Development and Testing . . Modular and Structured Programming . Comments and Program Layout Documentation . Teamwork . . . . . . . . .. . Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . Tools for Software Development . PUMA . . . . . . . . . .

4 Control and Data Structures 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

Structures . . . . Enumerations . . Scope Resolution Unions . . . . . . Bit- and Shift-Operations Bit Fields . . . . . . . . . Logical Values and Conditionals . Loops . . . . . Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Arrays and Pointers 5.1

Vectors and Matrices .

VII 3

5 5 6 7 8

9

10 12 14 15

17 17 18

20 21 22 24 25 25

27

31

31 32 34 35 35 36