From Bytes to Ingots: Expedient Design of Structural Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems
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From Bytes to Ingots: Expedient Design of Structural Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems Steve Zinkle, Ron Klueh, Phil Maziasz, Jeremy Busby, David Hoelzer, John Vitek, Roger Stoller and Yuri Osetsky © 2008 Materials Research Society Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Materials Research Society Fall Meeting Symposium T: Materials innovations for next generation nuclear energy Boston, MA, November 26-30, 2007 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Outline • Brief history of nuclear power • Effects of neutron bombardment on structural materials − “Five scourges” of radiation
• Prospects development of high-performance © 2008for Materials Research Society radiation-resistant materials − Crucial role of nanoscale architectures
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
The Launching of Nuclear Energy Largely Preceded the Development of Modern Materials Science
CP-1
Graphite Shippingport reactor EBR-I
TMI
Kyoto protocol
© 2008 Materials Research Society 1940
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Development of Mat. Sci. 1 Tflops as an academic 1 Gflops achieved; discipline Development of high performance Fracture mechanics computing centers established
2010 1 Pflops
•Fusion and Gen IV fission energy systems should take maximum advantage of current and emerging materials and computational science tools OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
• Radiation hardening and embrittlement (0.1 dpa)
Engineering Stress, MPa
Radiation Damage can Produce Large Changes in Structural Materials USJF82Hss2
1200
Tirr=Ttest
200°C/10 dpa 250°C/3 dpa
1000
400°C/10 dpa
300°C/8 dpa
800
400°C/34 dpa 500°C/34 dpa
600 Unirradiated YS
400 200 0
600°C/ 8 dpa
500°C/8 dpa
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Engineering Strain, mm/mm
• Phase instabilities from radiation-induced precipitation (0.3-0.6 TM, >10 dpa)
50 nm
© 2008 Materials • Irradiation creep (10Research dpa)
Society
• Volumetric swelling from void formation (0.3-0.6 TM, >10 dpa) 100 nm
• High temperature He embrittlement (>0.5 TM, >10 dpa) after S.J. Zinkle, Phys. Plasmas 12 (2005) 058101
100 nm
Advanced nuclear energy systems impose harsh radiation damage conditions on structural materials • 1 displacement per atom (dpa) corresponds to stable displacement from their lattice site of all atoms in the material during irradiation near absolute zero (no thermally-activated point defect diffusion) − Initial number of atoms knocked off their lattice site during fast reactor neutron irradiation is ~100 times the dpa value • Most of these originally displaced atoms hop onto another lattice site during “thermal spike” phase of the displacement cascade (~1 ps)
© 2008 Materials Research Society
R.E. Stoller
• Requirement for structural materials in advanced nuclear energy systems (~100 dpa exposure): − ~99.95% of “stable” displacement damage must recombine • ~99.9995% of initially dislodged atoms must recombine
• Two general strategies for radiation resistance can be en
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