From microbiota toward gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Are we on the highway to hell?
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From microbiota toward gastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: Are we on the highway to hell? Giovanni Vitale 1,2 & Alessandra Dicitore 2 & Luigi Barrea 3 & Emilia Sbardella 4 & Paola Razzore 5 & Severo Campione 6 & Antongiulio Faggiano 4 & Annamaria Colao 3 & on behalf of NIKE & Manuela Albertelli & Barbara Altieri & Filomena Bottiglieri & Federica De Cicco & Sergio Di Molfetta & Giuseppe Fanciulli & Tiziana Feola & Diego Ferone & Francesco Ferraù & Marco Gallo & Elisa Giannetta & Federica Grillo & Erika Grossrubatscher & Elia Guadagno & Valentina Guarnotta & Andrea M. Isidori & Andrea Lania & Andrea Lenzi & Fabio Lo Calzo & Pasquale Malandrino & Erika Messina & Roberta Modica & Giovanna Muscogiuri & Luca Pes & Genoveffa Pizza & Riccardo Pofi & Giulia Puliani & Carmen Rainone & Laura Rizza & Manila Rubino & Rosa Maria Ruggieri & Franz Sesti & Mary Anna Venneri & Maria Chiara Zatelli Accepted: 4 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Gut microbiota is represented by different microorganisms that colonize the intestinal tract, mostly the large intestine, such as bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses. The gut microbial balance has a key role in several functions. It modulates the host’s metabolism, maintains the gut barrier integrity, participates in the xenobiotics and drug metabolism, and acts as protection against gastro-intestinal pathogens through the host’s immune system modulation. The impaired gut microbiota, called dysbiosis, may be the result of an imbalance in this equilibrium and is linked with different diseases, including cancer. While most of the studies have focused on the association between microbiota and gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, very little is known about gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). In this review, we provide an overview concerning the complex interplay between gut microbiota and GEP NENs, focusing on the potential role in tumorigenesis and progression in these tumors. Keywords Neuroendocrine tumors . Microbiota . Inflammation . Tumor microenvironment . Cytokines
Abbreviations A-CAG Type A chronic atrophic gastritis
ATM CagA
1
Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy
2
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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* Giovanni Vitale [email protected]
4
Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
5
Endocrinology Unit, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
6
Pathology Department, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated protein kinase Cytotoxin-associated gene A protein Crohn’s disease Cyclin-dependent kinase Homeobox protein CDX-2 Tyrosine-protein kinase Met Cyclooxygenase Cyclin Delta-like ligand Enterochromaffin-like Epidermal growth factor receptor Extracellular signal-regul
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