From the Act of Judging to the Sentence The Problem of Truth Bearers

This book offers a detailed study of the truth-bearers problem, that is, the question of which category of items the predicates ‘true’ and ‘false’ are predicated. The book has two dimensions: historical and systematic. Both focus around Tarski’s semantic

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ARTUR ROJSZCZAK

From the Act of Judging to the Sentence The Problem of Truth Bearers from Bolzano to Tarski

FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE

SYNTHESE LIBRARY STUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Editor-in-Chief:

VINCENT F. HENDRICKS, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark JOHN SYMONS, University of Texas at El Paso, U.S.A.

Honorary Editor: JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Boston University, U.S.A.

Editors: DIRK VAN DALEN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands THEO A.F. KUIPERS, University of Groningen, The Netherlands TEDDY SEIDENFELD, Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A. PATRICK SUPPES, Stanford University, California, U.S.A. JAN WOLEN´SKI, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

VOLUME 328

FROM THE ACT OF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE The Problem of Truth Bearers from Bolzano to Tarski

b by †

ARTUR ROJSZCZAK

Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Edited by

JAN WOLEēSKI Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

A C.I.P. P Catalogue record fo f r this book is available fr f om the Library r of Congress.

ISBN-10 1-4020-3396-6 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-10 1-4020-3397-4 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3396-4 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3397-1 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. P

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Printed in the Netherlands.

Summary Contents

Preface

vii

1. INTRODUCTION: ALFRED TARSKI’S PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS 1933 DEFINITION OF TRUTH

1

2. THE NOTION OF THE TRUTH BEARER

23

3. DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY: THE THEORY OF JUDGEMENT AS THE THEORY OF COGNITION AND KNOWLEDGE

33

4. JUDGEMENT, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LANGUAGE

57

5. THE ONTOLOGY OF JUDGEMENT

83

6. REISM

103

7. THE OBJECTIVITY OF TRUTH

111

8. ONTOLOGISM, ABSTRACT OBJECTS AND NOMINALISM

161

9. BRENTANISM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE SEMANTICS OF THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL

171

10. JUDGMENT, BELIEF, AND SENTENCES: REMARKS ON THE TRUTH BEARER IN THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL

191

11. FINAL COMMENTS

213

References Appendices: Publications of Artur Rojszczak Index

221 235 239

v

Contents

Preface

xiii

1. INTRODUCTION: ALFRED TARSKI’S PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND IN THE CONTEXT OF HIS 1933 DEFINITION OF TRUTH 1 The Question of the Truth Bearer in Tarski’s Theory of Truth? 2 The Ambiguity of Tarski’s Concept of a Sentence 3 Alfred Tarski as Philosopher? 3.1 Tarski’s Philosophical Background 3.2 Some Facts and Genetic Connections 3.3 Brentanism in Ta