Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography

This book provides an introduction to the complex system functions, variability and human interference in ecosystem between the continent and the ocean. It focuses on circulation, transport and mixing of estuarine and coastal water masses, which is ultima

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Luiz Bruner de Miranda Fernando Pinheiro Andutta Björn Kjerfve Belmiro Mendes de Castro Filho

Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography

Ocean Engineering & Oceanography Volume 8

Series editors Manhar R. Dhanak, Atlantic University SeaTech, Dania Beach, USA Nikolas I. Xiros, New Orleans, USA

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10524

Luiz Bruner de Miranda Fernando Pinheiro Andutta Björn Kjerfve Belmiro Mendes de Castro Filho •

Fundamentals of Estuarine Physical Oceanography

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Luiz Bruner de Miranda Oceanographic Institute University of São Paulo (IOUSP) São Paulo Brazil Fernando Pinheiro Andutta Griffith Climate Change Response Program (GCCRP), Griffith Centre for Coastal Management (GCCM) Griffith School of Engineering Gold Coast, QLD Australia

Björn Kjerfve American University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Belmiro Mendes de Castro Filho Oceanographic Institute University of Sao Paulo (IOUSP) São Paulo Brazil

ISSN 2194-6396 ISSN 2194-640X (electronic) Ocean Engineering & Oceanography ISBN 978-981-10-3040-6 ISBN 978-981-10-3041-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3041-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958487 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

Preface

The first manuscript of this book was written in 1984, during the sabbatical year of Dr. Luiz Bruner de Miranda, as approved by the Oceanographic Institute, São Paulo University (IOUSP-USP), and financed by the Brazilian fellowship program of the National Council for the Development of Science and Technology (CNPq). During that sabbatical, Mr. Miranda worked with Dr. Björn Kjerfve, Belle W. Baruch Institute of South Carolina University (USA), where he deepened his knowled