Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology Macrofossils
This book provides practical morphological information, together with detailed illustrations and concise texts explaining each entry. The book details the morphological characters of each organism, providing fundamental information for palaeontologists an
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Sreepat Jain
Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology Macrofossils
Springer Geology
The book series Springer Geology comprises a broad portfolio of scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in geology. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. It covers the entire research area of geology including, but not limited to, economic geology, mineral resources, historical geology, quantitative geology, structural geology, geomorphology, paleontology, and sedimentology.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10172
Sreepat Jain
Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology Macrofossils
123
Sreepat Jain New Delhi India
ISSN 2197-9545 Springer Geology ISBN 978-81-322-3656-6 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0
ISSN 2197-9553
(electronic)
ISBN 978-81-322-3658-0
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950750 © Springer India 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. The registered company address is: 7th Floor, Vijaya Building, 17 Barakhamba Road, New Delhi 110 001, India
For my son Parth
Contents
1
Life Through Ages: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
Sponges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Structural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Ascon Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Syon Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Leucon Type (or Rhagon Type) . . . . . 2.3 Cell Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1
