Fundamentals of Space Medicine

About 1200 human space flights have been completed to date, including more than 500 astronauts from various countries, for a combined total presence in space of about 90 years. The 21st expedition crew is currently in residence aboard the International Sp

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SPACE TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY

Published jointly by Microcosm Press and Springer The Space Technology Library Editorial Board Managing Editor: James R. Wertz, Microcosm, Inc., El Segundo, CA Editorial Board:

Val A. Chobotov, Consultant on Space Hazards to the Aerospace Corporation; Michael L. DeLorenzo, Permanent Professor and Head of the Dept. of Astronautics, U.S. Air Force Academy; Roland Doré, Professor and Director International Space University, Strasbourg; Robert B. Giffen, Professor Emeritus, U.S. Air Force Academy; Gwynne Gurevich, Space Exploration Technologies; Wiley J. Larson, Professor, U.S. Air Force Academy; Tom Logsdon, Senior Member of Technical Staff, Space Division, Rockwell International; F. Landis Markley, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center; Robert G. Melton, Associate Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Pennsylvania State University; Keiken Ninomiya, Professor, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science; Jehangir J. Pocha, Letchworth, Herts.; Frank J. Redd, Professor and Chair, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dept., Utah State University; Rex W. Ridenoure, Jet Microcosm, Inc., Torrance; Malcolm D. Shuster, Professor of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics and Engineering Science, University of Florida; Gael Squibb, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; Martin Sweeting, Professor of Satellite Engineering, University of Surrey

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6575

Fundamentals of Space Medicine Second Edition by

Gilles Clément International Space University, Strasbourg, France

Gilles Clément International Space University Strasbourg France [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4419-9904-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-9905-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9905-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011929990 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2005, 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY  10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in ­connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword In the summer of 1993, I was fortunate enough to be a student in the International Space University summer session program (SSP), which convened in my then hometown of Huntsville, AL. I was one of the two lucky selectees to represent the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center at SSP’93. ISU has since changed the name of the SSP to Space Studies Program. This