Further spread of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga , to the west and north in Central Europe
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Further spread of the gypsy moth fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga, to the west and north in Central Europe Jaroslav Holuša1 · Milan Zúbrik2 · Karolina Resnerová1 · Hana Vanická1 · Jan Liška3 · Josef Mertelík4 · Danail Takov5 · Jiří Trombik1 · Ann E. Hajek6 · Daniela Pilarska5,7 Received: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft 2020
Abstract The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is one of the most important pests of deciduous trees in Europe, occurring in all environ‑ mental zones of Europe except the Alpine North and part of the Boreal zone. The gypsy moth fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga, originally from Asia, was imported from the USA and released in Bulgaria, in 1999–2000. Spread of E. maimaiga in Central Europe was documented from 2011 to 2013, but this pathogen was only detected as far north as Slovakia. Col‑ lections of dead L. dispar larvae in 2019 (but not 2018), in areas of both sporadic and cyclic L. dispar outbreaks, resulted in the first detections of E. maimaiga in the Czech Republic. Lymantria dispar larvae were exposed to soil from oak forests in 2014–2018, but only infection by the gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdNPV) and the microsporidium Vairimorpha (= Nosema) lymantriae was detected. At most localities in the cyclic outbreak area, in 2017 the first defoliations of a new outbreak cycle occurred and the numbers of gypsy moth egg masses began to increase, so the calculated duration of approxi‑ mately 13 years from outbreak to outbreak in the Czech Republic was verified. Keywords Biological control · Cyclic outbreak · Entomopathogenic fungi · Lymantria dispar NPV · Natural enemies · Vairimorpha (= Nosema) lymantriae
1
Milan Zúbrik [email protected]
Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 1176, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
2
Karolina Resnerová [email protected]
Forest Protection Service, National Forest Centre, Lesnícka 11, 969 23 Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia
3
Hana Vanická [email protected]
Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Strnady 136, 252 02 Jílovistě, Czech Republic
4
Silva Tarouca Research Institute Landscape & Ornamental Gardening, Kvetnove Namesti 391, Pruhonice 25243, Czech Republic
5
Danail Takov [email protected]
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
6
Jiří Trombik [email protected]
Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853‑2601, USA
7
Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University, 21 Montevideo Str, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
* Jaroslav Holuša [email protected]
Jan Liška [email protected] Josef Mertelík [email protected]
Ann E. Hajek [email protected] Daniela Pilarska [email protected]
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Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection
Introduction Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linné) (Lepidoptera: Erebi‑ dae), is native to Eurasia and North Africa and is
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