Future of GPS
The future uses of GPS are limited only by one’s imagination. Many of the present uses were described in various articles written as early as 1982 when this new system first demonstrated its high accuracy. With the reduction of equipment costs and the com
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Global Positioning System Theory and Practice Third, revised edition
Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
Dr. Bernhard Hofmann-Wellenhof Dr. Herbert Lichtenegger Abteilung fiir Landesvermessung und Landinformation, Technische Universităt Graz Graz, Austria
Dr. James Collins GPS Services, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A.
This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 1992, 1993, and 1994 Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag/Wien in 1994
Printed by Novographic, Ing. Wolfgang Schmid, A-1230 Wien Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper Cover illustration courtesy of Rockwell International
With 39 Figures
ISBN 978-3-211-82591-4 ISBN 978-3-7091-3311-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-3311-8
We dedicate this book to
Benjamin William Remondi
Foreword This book is dedicated to Dr. Benjamin William Remondi for many reasons. The project of writing a Global Positioning System (GPS) book was conceived in April 1988 at a GPS meeting in Darmstadt. Dr. Remondi discussed with me the need for an additional GPS textbook and suggested a possible joint effort. In 1989, I was willing to commit myself to such a project. Unfortunately, the timing was less than ideal for Dr. Remondi. Therefore, I decided to start the project with other coauthors. Dr. Remondi agreed and indicated his willingness to be a reviewer. I selected Dr. Herbert Lichtenegger, my colleague from the University of Technology at Graz, Austria, and Dr. James Collins from the United States. In my opinion, the knowledge of the three authors should cover the wide spectrum of GPS. Dr. Lichtenegger is a geodesist with broad experience in both theory and practice. He has specialized his research to geodetic astronomy including orbital theory and geodynamical phenomena. Since 1986, Dr. Lichtenegger's main interest is dedicated to GPS. Dr. Collins retired from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey in 1980, where he was the Deputy Director. For the past ten years, he has been deeply involved in using GPS technology with an emphasis on surveying. Dr. Collins was the founder and president of Geo/Hydro Inc. My own background is theoretically oriented. My first chief, Prof. Dr. Peter Meissl, was an excellent theoretician; and my former chief, Prof. DDDDr. Helmut Moritz, fortunately, still is. It is appropriate here to say a word of thanks to Prof. DDDDr. Helmut Moritz, whom I consider my mentor in science. He is - as is probably widely known - one of the world's leading geodesists and is currently president of the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). In the fall of 1984, he told me I should go to the U.S.A. to learn about GPS. I certainly agreed, although I did not even know what GPS meant. On the same day, Helmut Moritz called Admiral Dr. John Bossler, at that time the Director of the National Geod
