Future Perspectives on Statistical Shape Models in Computer-Aided Orthopedic Surgery: Beyond Statistical Shape Models an
Statistical shape modeling (SSM) of bone surfaces is now the state of practice in industry and is gaining relevance in the clinical setting. In this chapter, we review the main technical, clinical, and scientific uses of SSMs and their associated techniqu
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Future Perspectives on Statistical Shape Models in Computer-Aided Orthopedic Surgery: Beyond Statistical Shape Models and on to Big Data Leo Joskowicz
Abstract Statistical shape modeling (SSM) of bone surfaces is now the state of practice in industry and is gaining relevance in the clinical setting. In this chapter, we review the main technical, clinical, and scientific uses of SSMs and their associated techniques. We then survey the leading companies that use SMMs and related modeling techniques as part of their core technology to provide a variety of services and discuss three key issues they raise: What is the scope of SSM generation methodologies? How should the resulting SSMs be validated? How can the individual surface models and SSMs be made available to the community? We conclude with considerations of the main challenges that lie ahead for SSMs and the expected effect of “Big Data” on them. Keywords Computer-aided orthopedic surgery · Statistical shape models · State-of-the-art review · Future assessment
17.1 Statistical Shape Models: Background and Uses Statistical shape modeling (SSM) of bone surfaces is the current state of practice in industry and is gaining relevance in the clinical setting. The original concept of SSMs, starting from active contour models, was developed during the mid-1990s for the segmentation of structures in digital photographs and medical images [1, 2]. Since then, novel techniques have been developed for an increasing number of medical two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shapes [3]. In orthopedics,
L. Joskowicz CASMIP Lab – Computer Aided Surgery and Medical Image Processing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 N. Sugano (ed.), Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery for Hip and Knee, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5245-3_17
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Table 17.1 Main technical, clinical, and scientific uses of statistical shape models of bones in orthopedics Technical Surface reconstruction Intraoperative registration Automatic segmentation of structures in CT/MRI scans Advanced biomechanical analysis Design and manufacturing of implants and instrumentation
Clinical Computer-aided diagnosis Preoperative planning Intraoperative spatial visualization and navigation Postoperative and longitudinal assessment of implants Design of custom implants Design and 3D printing of custom templates Replacement of CT scans with X-ray imaging and SSMs Training and education
Scientific Population studies Pathology studies Identification of anatomical parameters Derivation of indications Implant performance evaluation Quantitative evaluation methods
SSMs and the techniques to generate and use them were developed a decade ago for bone structures, with significant progress during the past few years [4–7]. In particular, specific SSMs were developed for hip and knee bone structures [8–11]. SSMs have a wide variety of technical, clinical
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