Galectin-9 Promotes Neuronal Restoration via Binding TLR-4 in a Rat Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Galectin‑9 Promotes Neuronal Restoration via Binding TLR‑4 in a Rat Intracerebral Hemorrhage Model Tianyu Liang1 · Cheng Ma1 · Tianyi Wang1 · Ruming Deng1 · Jiasheng Ding1 · Wenjie Wang1 · Zhongmou Xu1 · Xiang Li1 · Haiying Li1 · Qing Sun1 · Haitao Shen1 · Zhong Wang1 · Gang Chen1 Received: 22 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating disease with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Galactose lectin-9 (Gal9) belongs to the family of β-galactoside-binding lectins, which has been shown to play a vital role in immune tolerance and inflammation. However, the function of Gal-9 in ICH has not been fully studied in details. Several experiments were carried out to explore the role of Gal-9 in the late period of ICH. Primarily, ICH models were established in male adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Next, the relative protein levels of Gal-9 at different time points after ICH were examined and the result showed that the level of Gal-9 increased and peaked at the 7th day after ICH. Then we found that when the content of Gal-9 increased, both the number of M2-type microglia and the corresponding anti-inflammatory factors also increased. Through co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) analysis, it was found that Gal-9 combines with Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) during the period of the recovery after ICH. TUNEL staining and Fluoro-Jade B staining (FJB) proved that the amount of cell death decreased with the increase of Gal-9 content. Additionally, several behavioral experiments also demonstrated that when the level of Gal-9 increased, the motor, sensory, learning, and memory abilities of the rats recovered better compared to the ICH group. In short, this study illustrated that Gal-9 takes a crucial role after ICH. Enhancing Gal-9 could alleviate brain injury and promote the recovery of ICH-induced injury, so that Gal-9 may exploit a new pathway for clinical treatment of ICH. Keywords Gal-9 · TLR-4 · ICH · Microglia · Neuroinflammation · Neuronal restoration Abbreviations Gal-9 Galactose lectin-9 ICH Intracerebral hemorrhage TLR-4 Toll-like receptor-4 TIM-3 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 SD Sprague Dawley CNS Central nervous system IL-4 Interleukin-4 IL-13 Interleukin-13 WB Western Blotting Tianyu Liang and Cheng Ma have contributed equally to this work. * Qing Sun [email protected] * Haitao Shen [email protected] 1
Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
CO-IP Co-immunoprecipitation FJB Fluoro-Jade B CRD Carbohydrate recognition domain DCs Dendritic cells ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a kind of hemorrhagic stroke subtype that approximately accounts for 10% to 15% of all stroke incidences and can lead to poor prognosis, which is endangering the health of people all over the world (Jo
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