Gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers. Part 2: Improving the sensors towards practical application
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REVIEW
Gas sensors based on mass-sensitive transducers. Part 2: Improving the sensors towards practical application Alexandru Oprea 1,2 & Udo Weimar 1,2 Received: 20 August 2018 / Revised: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 27 March 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Within the framework outlined in the first part of the review, the second part addresses attempts to increase receptor material performance through the use of sensor systems and chemometric methods, in conjunction with receptor preparation methods and sensor-specific tasks. Conclusions are then drawn, and development perspectives for gravimetric sensors are discussed. Keywords Gravimetric gas sensors . Functionalized sensing materials . Deposition methods . Targeted applications
Short introduction to the second part of the review As discussed in the introduction to the first part of the review [1], the development of gas sensors (GS) was driven by the increasing need for the detection of environmental, industrial and domestic chemical hazards. As a result of sustained investigations performed in the 1980s and 1990s, a greater understanding of gas sensing mechanisms based on mass-sensitive transducers (MST) was achieved with regard to both reception and transduction processes. However, for practical purposes, the application of this knowledge did not translate to the production of commercial devices. The main reason for this failure was the poor performance of the receptor materials, especially their low specificity. Section 2 of the second part of the review tackles this issue and presents the modalities investigated in studies aimed at increasing receptor specificity. Two main approaches are considered: increasing the specificity of the receptor–analyte interaction, and employing gas sensor systems (GSS) containing several individual devices with limited specificity in combination with chemometric methods in
* Alexandru Oprea [email protected] 1
Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
2
Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
order to increase the overall gravimetric selectivity. The main task of either GS or GSS is the same, namely, to provide a specific and proportional response to the concentration of the analytes in the gaseous sample, ultimately enabling the determination of the sample composition or sample classification. In the third section, methods currently utilized for receptor material preparation/deposition are discussed, while the fourth section reviews attempts to improve gas detection specificity, beyond the receptor, through suitable processing of sensor arrays (SA) and GSS data. The fifth section is dedicated to the practical applications of GGSs. The first part discusses the targeted analytes, their main properties, hazards involved and legally allowed concentrations, while the second part presents a survey of applications. The conclusion focuses on the degree to whi
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