Gelatin-HCl biomembranes with ionic-conducting properties
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Gelatin-HCl biomembranes with ionic-conducting properties A. Pawlicka & D. F. Vieira & R. C. Sabadini
Received: 7 February 2013 / Revised: 28 April 2013 / Accepted: 6 June 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Gelatin-HCl protonic gel polymer electrolytes were obtained by crosslinking with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid and glycerol as plasticizer and characterized in present study. The ionic conductivity measurements revealed the best value of 5.35×10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. Factorial design analysis showed that influence of glycerol is more pronounced than influence of acid on ionic conductivity values. Moreover, the 90 % transparent membranes evidenced a linear increase of ionic conductivity values of 5.35×10−5 S cm−1 at 26.5 °C to 5.77×10−4 S cm−1 at 82.8 °C following Arrhenius type mechanism of charge mobility. Keywords Protonic conductors . Ionic conductivities . Polymer electrolytes
Introduction Transparent biomembranes can be easily prepared not only from polysaccharides [1], such as cellulose [2], starch [3], pectin [4], chitosan [5, 6], gellan gum [7], or alginate [8] but also from proteins and DNA [9–11]. The common property of these biomaterials is their very good solubility in water, which is not a problem in various tissue engineering Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11581-013-0935-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Pawlicka : D. F. Vieira : R. C. Sabadini IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil A. Pawlicka (*) Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA e-mail: [email protected] A. Pawlicka e-mail: [email protected]
solutions as in the case of chitosan-gelatin blends [12] but can be problematic for electronic application, although some electronic devices containing water were already proposed and described [13, 14]. Hence, to overcome this problem it is possible to modify natural macromolecules to be soluble in organic solvents [15]. Concerning modern engineering applications, natural macromolecules are very interesting materials as ionicconducting membranes on substitution of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical devices as, batteries, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes or electrochromic devices [9]. For such purpose, different polysaccharides and their derivatives [6, 16, 17] and proteins are proposed [18, 19]. It was stated that the ionic conductivities of most of the ionically conducting polymers are of about 10−5 S cm−1, thus different approaches, such as grafting, crosslinking and plasticizing are investigated [20]. As a result it was observed that the plasticization process is very successful in providing samples with ionic conductivities, ranging from 10−4 to 10−2 S cm−1 and improving also the contact between the electrodes and the electrolytes [21, 22]. The plasticizers react with polymer chains as cros
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