Gender Ratios on First Nations Reserves in Canada
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Gender Ratios on First Nations Reserves in Canada Randall Akee 1 & Donna Feir 2 Received: 2 May 2019 / Accepted: 16 February 2020/ # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract First Nations women and men migrate off (and on) First Nations reserves at different rates and at different ages, and these differential flows may result in gender imbalances on reserves. We document significant gender imbalances in favor of men and show that nearly 50% of First Nations reserves have male-female gender ratios greater than 1.5 compared with only 5% of non-reserve communities. Divergence in gender ratios on reserves begins around the ages of 15 to 19 and persists well into late adulthood. We examine how this gender imbalance varies by age, geographic location, and economic environment. Résumé Les femmes et les hommes des Premières Nations migrent hors (et vers) les réserves à des taux et à des âges différents, ce qui peut entraîner des déséquilibres entre les sexes. En effet, nous documentons d'importants déséquilibres entre les sexes dans les reserves en faveur des hommes et montrons que près de 50% des réserves des Premières Nations ont des ratios hommes-femmes supérieurs à 1,5, comparativement à seulement 5% des communautés hors réserve. La divergence entre les sexes dans les réserves commence aux alentours de 15 à 19 ans et persiste jusqu'à la fin de l'âge adulte. Nous examinons comment ce déséquilibre entre les sexes varie selon l'âge, la situation géographique et l'environnement économique. Keywords Gender ratios . Divergence . First Nations
* Donna Feir [email protected] Randall Akee [email protected]
1
Department of Public Policy, UCLA, 3250 Public Affairs Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
2
University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Canadian Studies in Population
1 Introduction There is increasing evidence that First Nations women are more likely to move from reserves to urban centers than First Nations men (Gerber 1984; Norris et al. 2003; Norris et al. 2004; Cooke and Bélanger 2006; Cooke and Penney 2019; Clatworthy and Norris 2007, 2014; Amorevieta-Gentil et al. 2015). The existing literature identifies many potential reasons for this, including differential incentives for education, differential employment opportunities, family formation, access to services, and differential exposure to violence (Gerber 1984; Norris et al. 2003; Norris et al. 2004; Cooke and Bélanger 2006; Peters and Robillard 2009; Anderson and Collins 2014; Clatworthy and Norris 2014; AmorevietaGentil et al. 2015). However, to our knowledge, there has been no documentation of the aggregate consequences of this gender-specific migration for onreserve gender ratios. Using community-level1 Canadian Census data, we ask whether the malefemale gender ratios on Canada’s First Nations reserves2 are equal to malefemale gender ratios in other regions of the country. Our study documents the existence of male-biased gender ratios for First Nations reserves in Canada are not found especially in smaller, more isolated reserves.3 While a numb
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