General and fast synthesis of graphene frameworks using sugars for high-performance hydrogen peroxide nonenzymatic elect
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ORIGINAL PAPER
General and fast synthesis of graphene frameworks using sugars for high-performance hydrogen peroxide nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor Yanyan Zhu 1 & Kai Kang 1 & Yutao Jia 1 & Wei Guo 1 & Jing Wang 1 Received: 11 August 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract 3D graphene frameworks (GFs) are fast and scalably synthesized via a general and facile method from the rich biomass of sugars with the aid of molten salts, using glucose as the prototype, to obtain an effective sensing platform for sensitive nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. The electroactive area of the GFs/GCE (0.1437 cm2) is obviously higher than that of bare GCE (0.0653 cm2). The GFs are found to exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward H2O2 reduction while avoiding enzyme loading. The electrochemical sensor for H2O2 based on GFs displays a low detection limit of 0.032 ± 0.005 μM (S/N = 3) at a working potential of − 0.55 V in 0.01 M N2-saturated phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) by an amperometric method. The sensor has good selectivity over other compounds such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid, NaCl, citric acid, and glucose. Moreover, the sensor shows excellent reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 3.7% and acceptable stability after 30 days of usage. Furthermore, it can detect H2O2 released from living tumorigenic cells in real time. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that such GFs can be obtained from a variety of sugars (sucrose, fructose, lactose, and maltose). This work may offer a new general avenue for the synthesis of 3D GFs and promote the development of electrochemical sensors. Keywords Graphene framework . Electrochemical sensor . Electrocatalytic activity . Hydrogen peroxide . Nonenzymatic
Introduction Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most vital products of oxygen metabolism in cells [1, 2]. A normal level of H2O2 is essential for maintaining the normal physiological activities of cells, and non-normal levels may cause diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s [1, 2]. Therefore, it is crucial to utilize an efficient method that can sensitively and selectively detect H2O2 under physiological conditions. Recently, electrochemical methods have attracted great attention because of their advantages in terms of costYanyan Zhu and Kai Kang contributed equally to this work. * Yanyan Zhu [email protected] * Jing Wang [email protected] 1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Evaluation, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, People’s Republic of China
efficiency, fast response, high sensitivity, and good selectivity. Enzyme-based H2O2 electrochemical biosensors are frequently used owing to their high sensitivity and specificity [3]. Nevertheless, some intrinsic drawbacks, including complicated immobilization procedures and environmental ins t a b i l i t y , l i m i t t he i r pr a c t i ca l a p p l i c a t i o n [ 3, 4] . No
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