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General Introduction of Smart and Multifunctional Concrete

Abstract Smart and multifunctional concrete refers to the structural material accompanied with one or more types of intelligent or functional behaviors. Its “smartness and function” properties are achieved mainly through composition design, special processing, introduction of other functional components, or modification of microstructure of conventional concrete, thus leading to the concrete possessing bionic features. Smart and multifunctional concrete is a very broad category of materials. More than 20 types of smart and multifunctional concrete have been developed in the recent 30 years, and more new types of smart and multifunctional concrete are still emerging one after another. As a dissipative structure system, smart and multifunctional concrete can maintain energy quality to protect entropy increment, thus matching sustainable development trend of materials and infrastructures.




Keywords Concrete Smart Philosophical foundation

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Multifunctional




Dissipative structure




Introduction

Concrete is a composite composed of aggregate bonded together with fluid binder which hardens over time. Commonly used concrete can be categorized into lime-based concrete, asphalt concrete, and polymer concrete according to its different types of binder used. Most used concrete is lime-based concrete including Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, for example, high alumina cement, supersulphated cement, and geopolymer cement. Another type of very frequently used concrete is asphalt concrete for road surfaces, and the binder used is bitumen. In addition, polymer concretes are sometimes used with polymer as the binding material for new construction or repairing of old concrete. However, in this book, smart and multifunctional concrete refers to Portland cement concrete unless otherwise stated, because previous research and application focused mainly on smart and multifunctional concrete fabricated with © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 B. Han et al., Smart and Multifunctional Concrete Toward Sustainable Infrastructures, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4349-9_1

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1 General Introduction of Smart and Multifunctional Concrete

Portland cement. In addition, it should be noted that concrete here is a generalized concept which means it can be concrete (containing coarse and fine aggregates), cement mortar (containing fine aggregates), or cement paste (containing no aggregate, whether coarse or fine) [1–9]. As shown in Fig. 1.1, concrete is a multicomponent, multiphase, and multiscale composite in nature. Its components include cement, water, aggregates, chemical additives, and mineral additives. The proportion of these components can vary within a flexible and wide range. Hardened concrete contains solid, liquid, and gas phases. Its structure covers over ten orders of magnitude in size, ranging from nanometers (e.g., hydration product) to micrometers (e.g., binder), and then from millimeters (e.g., mortar and concrete) to tens

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