Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes
- PDF / 3,407,388 Bytes
- 21 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 44 Downloads / 189 Views
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
ORIGINAL PAPER
Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes Erzsébet Fóthi 1
2
3
4
5
6
& Angéla Gonzalez & Tibor Fehér & Ariana Gugora & Ábel Fóthi & Orsolya Biró & Christine Keyser
2,7
Received: 11 March 2019 / Accepted: 16 October 2019 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract According to historical sources, ancient Hungarians were made up of seven allied tribes and the fragmented tribes that split off from the Khazars, and they arrived from the Eastern European steppes to conquer the Carpathian Basin at the end of the ninth century AD. Differentiating between the tribes is not possible based on archaeology or history, because the Hungarian Conqueror artifacts show uniformity in attire, weaponry, and warcraft. We used Y-STR and SNP analyses on male Hungarian Conqueror remains to determine the genetic source, composition of tribes, and kin of ancient Hungarians. The 19 male individuals paternally belong to 16 independent haplotypes and 7 haplogroups (C2, G2a, I2, J1, N3a, R1a, and R1b). The presence of the N3a haplogroup is interesting because it rarely appears among modern Hungarians (unlike in other Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples) but was found in 37.5% of the Hungarian Conquerors. This suggests that a part of the ancient Hungarians was of Ugric descent and that a significant portion spoke Hungarian. We compared our results with public databases and discovered that the Hungarian Conquerors originated from three distant territories of the Eurasian steppes, where different ethnicities joined them: Lake BaikalAltai Mountains (Huns/Turkic peoples), Western Siberia-Southern Urals (Finno-Ugric peoples), and the Black Sea-Northern Caucasus (Caucasian and Eastern European peoples). As such, the ancient Hungarians conquered their homeland as an alliance of tribes, and they were the genetic relatives of Asiatic Huns, Finno-Ugric peoples, Caucasian peoples, and Slavs from the Eastern European steppes. Keywords aDNA . Y-STRs and SNPs . Paternal lineages . Ancient Hungarians
Introduction According to the general belief, the Finno-Ugric-speaking Hungarians left Magna Hungaria, their original homeland in the Western Ural Mountains (i.e., present-day Bashkortostan), for Levedia, on the edge of the Khazar Khaganate, and then moved to Etelköz, an area between the Don and Danube
Rivers. They conquered their current homeland in the Carpathian Basin in 895 CE and defeated the Moravian Kingdom led by Svatopluk in 902 CE (see Fig. 1). The nomadic ancient Hungarians from the Eastern European steppes consisted of an alliance of seven tribes, which was joined by the Kabars that had splintered off from the Khazars. At the end of the ninth century CE, following
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Erzsébet Fóthi fothi.erzsebet@nhmu
Data Loading...
