Genital Cutting: Protecting Children from Medical, Cultural, and Religious Infringements

Every year, across the globe, an estimated 13.3 million boys and 2 million girls are involuntarily subjected to genital cutting. Both male and female genital cutting persist, generating a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry that is defended by its propon

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Genital Cutting: Protecting Children from Medical, Cultural, and Religious Infringements

Genital Cutting: Protecting Children from Medical, Cultural, and Religious Infringements

George C. Denniston · Frederick M. Hodges Marilyn Fayre Milos Editors

Genital Cutting: Protecting Children from Medical, Cultural, and Religious Infringements Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Circumcision, Genital Integrity, and Human Rights, 29–31 July 2010, University of California–Berkeley

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Editors George C. Denniston Department of Family Medicine University of Washington Nordland, WA USA

Marilyn Fayre Milos National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers San Anselmo, CA USA

Frederick M. Hodges University of Berkeley Berkeley, CA USA

ISBN 978-94-007-6406-4 ISBN 978-94-007-6407-1  (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6407-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938177 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Human rights are inalienable fundamental rights with which every human being is endowed. Moreover, human rights are universal, in that they are applicable everywhere, and egalitarian, in that they are the same for everyone witho