Genomic Organization of LPS-Specific Loci
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genes have many of the characteristics of PAIs but also differ in significant ways. Lipopolysaccharide differs from the products of most PAI genes in that it is an essential component of the cell, and mutants totally lacking LPS a
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1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 1.1 Nomenclature for Escherichia and Salmonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 1.2 Nomenclature for LPS Biosynthetic Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2 Overview of LPS Structure, Biosynthesis and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.1 LPS Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.2 Biosynthesis and Genetics of LPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
O Antigen Genes in E. coli and S. enterica . . O Antigen Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-Antigen Gene Cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intraspecies Movement of O Antigen Genes . Interspecies Movement of O Antigen Genes . Origins of the Polymorphism in the O Antigen The O-Antigen Gene Cluster as a PAI . . . . .
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114 114 115 118 119 120 121
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Lipid A/Core Genes of E. coli and S. enterica . . . Genes for the Synthesis of Lipid A/Core Precursors (Kdo)2-Lipid A Synthesis Genes in K-12 and LT2 . LPS Core Synthesis Genes in K-12 . . . . . . . . . . Variation in LPS Core Synthesis Genes . . . . . . . Summary of Function, Location and G+C Content
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122 123 123 124 125 125
5 5.1 5.2 5.3
LPS Genes of Species Other than E. coli and S. enterica . . . . . . . . O Antigen Genes in Yersinia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS1358 and the Origins of the Ogawa Form of the Vibrio cholerae O1 LPS Core Genes of Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis . .
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126 127 129 129
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Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
1 Introduction Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genes have many of the characteristics of PAIs but also dier in signi®cant ways. Lipopolysaccharide diers from the products of most PAI genes in that it is an essential component of the cell, and mutants totally lacking LPS are not found. However parts of the molecule such as the O ant
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