Geographical vulnerability to respiratory infections using GIS technique- micro analysis study in the Himalayan region-I
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Geographical vulnerability to respiratory infections using GIS technique- micro analysis study in the Himalayan region-India Manzoor A. Wani
. Dayem M. Wani . Suhail Naik . Ishtiaq A. Mayer
Accepted: 21 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The study appraised the role of geo physical and socio-economic factors in the causation of respiratory infections in Geographic Information System (GIS). Altitude zonation along with superimposition of human settlements was extracted using Digital Elevation Mode of 30 m resolution and SOI toposheets 1971 in Arc GIS software 10.2. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) was generated through Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer. Wind Chill Factor the cooling sensation caused by the combination of air temperature °C and wind speed was also calculated using recommended formula of National Weather Services United States of America (US). Geographical vulnerability index were gauged by calculating incidence rate per thousand of population, relative risk rate, odds ratio, normal standard score (Z value) of respiratory cases obtained through medical records and field survey carried under the medical supervision. Kendal ranking method and composite index techniques were used to estimate the intensity of respiratory diseases, medical block analysis to identify hotspot areas by generating disease index map in GIS using SOI toposheets 1971. With non availability of data related to socio-economic and behavioral attitudes, the desired information were carried through semi structured questionnaire. With longitudinal M. A. Wani (&) D. M. Wani S. Naik I. A. Mayer University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India e-mail: [email protected]
depression valley characterized with high ecological sensitive zone makes the habitants more vulnerable to respiratory infections through exposure to evaded chilly winter months, exposure to pollutants, poor socio-economic and behavioral environment increases the degree of vulnerability. Identifying the hotspot areas in GIS environment will be useful in formulating and executing plans at the ground level more effectively and efficiently. Keywords Environment Exposure Respiratory infections Relative risks Vulnerability GIS
Introduction Respiratory viruses spread from person to person through various modes of transmission including direct and indirect contacts, droplet spray, and aerosol affected by number of factors including environment determinants, host behavior, host defence mechanisms and virus infectivity (Natalie and Nicole 2012). Differences in perception, knowledge, awareness, attitude in relation to global environmental conservation showed varied rate of transmission of infectious diseases among the population (Sudarmadi et al. 2001). It has been seen that education and wealth of an individual’s play an important role in the use of clean sources of energy for light (Akhter et al. 2019).
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GeoJournal
The study region with its unique socio-cultural practices
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