Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology

Coral reefs around the world are sustaining massive damage at an alarming rate. Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology provides a uniquely historical perspective on the destruction—through both natural and human processes—of coral reef ecosystems. Ch

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Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology

Ecological Studies, Vol. 192 Analysis and Synthesis

Edited by I.T. Baldwin, Jena, Germany M.M. Caldwell, Logan, USA G. Heldmaier, Marburg, Germany Robert B. Jackson, Durham, USA O.L. Lange, Würzburg, Germany H.A. Mooney, Stanford, USA E.-D. Schulze, Jena, Germany U. Sommer, Kiel, Germany

Ecological Studies Volumes published since 2001 are listed at the end of this book.

Richard B. Aronson Editor

Geological Approaches to Coral Reef Ecology

Richard B. Aronson Dauphin Island Sea Lab 101 Bienville Boulevard Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528 USA and Department of Marine Sciences University of South Alabama Mobile, Alabama 36688 USA Cover: A coral reef near Discovery Bay on the north coast of Jamaica, photographed at 6 m depth in July 2003. The branching species is staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, and the massive corals belong to the Montastraea annularis species complex. A. cervicornis populations in Jamaica were killed by disease and hurricanes in the early 1980s and began to recover circa 2002. The inset photographs at the top show extraordinarily well-preserved fossil A. cervicornis (left) and Montastraea (right) from the early- to middle-Holocene reef complex in the Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic. The fossil corals are part of an 11-m vertical section composed almost entirely of A. cervicornis, which has been radiocarbon-dated to 9400 to 7400 years before present. Geological approaches broaden our understanding of the threats facing modern coral reefs, increasing our predictive power in a rapidly changing world. Photos by William F. Precht (Jamaica) and H. Allen Curran (Dominican Republic); montage design by Ryan M. Moody.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006924285 ISSN: 0070-8356 ISBN-10: 0-387-33538-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-387-33538-4

e-ISBN-10: 0-387-33537-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-0-387-33537-7

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

For my wife Lisa Young with love

Preface

The worsening condition of the world’s coral reefs and their deteriorating prospects for recovery have erased any remaining distinction between pure and applied research on these most diverse and vital of marine ecosystems. Geophysics, paleontology, geochemistry, and physical and chemical oceanogr