Geological Disposal of Carbon Dioxide and Radioactive Waste: A Comparative Assessment

Fossil fuels will remain the backbone of the global energy economy for the foreseeable future. The contribution of nuclear energy to the global energy supply is also expected to increase. With the pressing need to mitigate climate change and reduce greenh

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ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH VOLUME 44

Editor-in-Chief Martin Beniston, University of Geneva, Switzerland

Editorial Advisory Board B. Allen-Diaz, Department ESPM-Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. R.S. Bradley, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. W. Cramer, Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany. H.F. Diaz, Climate Diagnostics Center, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA. S. Erkman, Institute for communication and Analysis of Science and Technology–ICAST, Geneva, Switzerland. R. Garcia Herrera, Faculated de Fisicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain. M. Lal, Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. U. Luterbacher, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. I. Noble, CRC for Greenhouse Accounting and Research School of Biological Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. L. Tessier, Institut Mediterranéen d’Ecologie et Paléoécologie, Marseille, France. F. Toth, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria. M.M. Verstraete, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ec Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.

For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5588

Ferenc L. Toth Editor

Geological Disposal of Carbon Dioxide and Radioactive Waste: A Comparative Assessment

Editor Ferenc L. Toth Department of Nuclear Energy International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, Austria

Cover: CO2 disposal scheme; Illuminated Tokyo City in Japan at night from high above © Achim Baqué [Image provider: Fotolia.co.uk]; The KBS-3 radioactive waste disposal scheme © Svensk Kärnbrän­ slehantering AB (SKB), Sweden. KBS-3 is a registered trade mark of SKB. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication do no necessarily reflect those of the authors’ ­organisations, the IAEA or its Member States. The use of particular ­designations of countries or ­territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or ­territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights.

ISBN 978-90-481-8711-9 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8712-6 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8712-6 Springer Dordrecht London Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922503 © International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011 © Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2011 (Chapter by C.M. Oldenburg and J.T. Birkholzer) All Rights Reserved All IAEA scientific and technical pub