Geotechnical properties of 3D-printed transparent granular soil
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RESEARCH PAPER
Geotechnical properties of 3D-printed transparent granular soil Yingzhen Li1 • Hang Zhou1 • Hanlong Liu1 • Xuanming Ding1 • Wengang Zhang1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This paper proposes a 3D-printed transparent granular soil technique based on the contour rotation interpolation method, 3D printing and transparent soil technologies. Laboratory tests, including one-dimensional compression, direct shear and triaxial compression tests, are assessed for mechanical properties of 3D-printed transparent granular soil. The results show that 3D-printed transparent granular soil can be used to consider the effect of shape on macromechanical soil properties, which is an advantage that cannot be achieved by the previously presented transparent soil techniques. Subsequently, a simple model test of rigid flat plate penetration into transparent granular soil is performed. The obtained soil displacements using the PIV technique are compared with the classical shallow strain path method solution. This comparison indicates that the proposed 3D-printed transparent granular soil can capture the soil deformation pattern, although the accuracy needs to be further improved. The proposed 3D-printed transparent granular soil technique could be used for model test that needs to consider the shape of sand particle. Keywords 3D printing technology Laboratory tests Model tests Transparent soil
1 Introduction Transparent soil techniques have been proposed and utilized to investigate various geotechnical engineering problems [16]. These methods provide non-intrusive visualization of the continuous internal deformation of soils [4]. They overcome the two shortcomings of conventional model tests: (a) only the soil deformation of discrete points is captured and (b) the soil is disturbed by the buried sensor in conventional model tests. This newly developed model test technique provides a simple, efficient and economic approach to investigate soil deformation patterns and is particularly convenient in investigating the failure modes of structure–soil interactions, such as pile–soil interactions and tunnel–soil interactions [7, 15]. Currently, transparent soil can be divided into two categories. One is used to model natural clay, namely transparent clay usually made of amorphous silica [13], fumed silica [26], aquabeads
& Hang Zhou [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of New Technology for the Construction of Cities in Mountain Areas, College of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
[28], gel beads [19], and Laponite RD [29]. Another is selected to simulate natural sand, namely transparent sand usually made of silica gel [12, 14], fused quartz [6, 8], cryolite [25], and fused silica [27]. The pore fluid can be mineral oil, such as a mixture of n-dodecane and white oil [36], calcium bromide solution [27], or sucrose solution [9], with a refractive index (RI) cons
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