Geriatric Depression Scale
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Galvanic Skin Response ▶ Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Elizabeth Galik School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Definition Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of humans and other mammals. GABA is a highly polar and flexible molecule that is formed from glutamate in enzymatic reaction that causes its release into the synapse where it is inactivated by reuptake into glia cells (Chebib & Johnston, 1999). GABA transmission within the central nervous system modulates noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons which ultimately influences behavior and mood (Brambilla, Perez, Barale, Schettini, & Soares, 2003; Emrich, von Zerssen, Kissling, Moller, & Windorfer, 1980). A deficiency of GABA has been associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety, panic, addiction, and schizophrenia, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s chorea.
More recently, GABA has been studied as a mediating factor in the transmission and perception of pain (Enna & McCarson, 2006). GABA is also directly associated with the regulation of muscle tone. Pharmacologic agents that act as agonists of GABA receptors result in relaxation and sedation and have anticonvulsant properties.
References and Readings Brambilla, P., Perez, J., Barale, F., Schettini, G., & Soares, J. C. (2003). GABAergic dysfunction in mood disorders. Molecular Psychiatry, 8, 721–737. Chebib, M., & Johnston, G. A. (1999). The “ABC” of GABA receptors: A brief review. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 26(11), 937–940. Emrich, H. M., von Zerssen, D., Kissling, W., Moller, H. J., & Windorfer, A. (1980). The GABA-hypothesis of affective disorders. Archiv f€ ur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 229, 1–16. Enna, S. J., & McCarson, K. E. (2006). The role of GABA in the mediation and perception of pain. Advanced Pharmacology, 54, 1–27.
Gastric Ulcers and Stress Shin Fukudo and Yukari Tanaka Department of Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
Synonyms Peptic ulcer
M.D. Gellman & J.R. Turner (eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Gastric Ulcers and Stress
Definition
Stress Stress may not cause ulcers but can make them worsen. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed higher prevalence of gastric ulcer than those without trauma. After the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan, the number of patients with gastric ulcer increased more than the previous year. This study also reported that H. pylori infection was a strong predisposing factor of the development of peptic ulcer. Stress sometimes induces psychological and physiological disorder and also closely relates to the central sympathetic activity. Spinal cord transection rat showed hypovolemia and higher prevalence of gastric ulcer. Brain
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