Getting Comfortable with Discomfort: Preparing Counselor Trainees to Broach Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Factors with Cl
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Getting Comfortable with Discomfort: Preparing Counselor Trainees to Broach Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Factors with Clients during Counseling Norma L. Day-Vines 1,2 & Beverly Booker Ammah 3 & Sam Steen 4 & Kristy M. Arnold 2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract Counselors’ considerations of racial and cultural factors in the lives and experiences of clients enhances counseling outcomes. Acknowledgement of cultural factors enhances counselor credibility, client satisfaction, and the depth of client disclosure. This article opens with an overview of the Continuum of Broaching Behavior (Day-Vines et al. 2007), continues with a case illustration that enumerates categories along the continuum, provides empirical support for the continuum, and closes with a set of instructional strategies for counselor educators to infuse within a multicultural counseling course. Keywords Broaching . Multicultural counseling . Counselor education
Introduction Increasingly, demographic shifts in society have resulted in counseling dyads in which the race of the counselor and the race of the client may differ. In fact, demographers predict that by the year * Norma L. Day-Vines [email protected] Beverly Booker Ammah [email protected] Sam Steen [email protected] Kristy M. Arnold [email protected]
1
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
2
Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
3
Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
4
Department of Disability and Psychoeducational Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
Int J Adv Counselling
2050 in many western societies ethnic minorities will constitute a numerical majority; however, current projections suggest that counselors will remain largely White and female (Chang and Berk 2009; Hawkins and Lautz 2005; Sue and Sue 2008). An emerging body of research indicates that such differences between an increasingly diverse client population relative to a homogeneous counseling force have the potential to result in cultural misunderstandings that can undermine the therapeutic alliance, impede the development of culturally responsive interventions, jeopardize favorable counseling outcomes, and result in premature termination by clients (Atkinson et al. 1992; Gim et al. 1991; Knox et al. 2003; Zhang and Burkard 2008). Hare (2015) suggests, given the complexity of race and racism as a social, political, institutional and personal phenomena and the reality that most clinicians are White, exploring how counselors engage with clients around issues of race, ethnicity, and culture is an essential part of examining counselor effectiveness. Choi et al. (2015) state that counselors’ abilities to address racial and ethnic differences with clients is a critical component of multicultural competency. Given the growing diversity and the prospect that contextual issues related to race, ethnicity, and culture may impact the counseling process, counselor educators must provide instructional experiences that facilitate counselor trainees’ abilities to
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