Gig Workers during the COVID-19 Crisis in France: Financial Precarity and Mental Well-Being
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Gig Workers during the COVID-19 Crisis in France: Financial Precarity and Mental Well-Being Bénédicte Apouey & Alexandra Roulet & Isabelle Solal & Mark Stabile
Accepted: 28 August 2020 # The New York Academy of Medicine 2020
Abstract We set out to explore how precarious workers, particularly those employed in the gig economy, balance financial uncertainty, health risks, and mental well-being. We surveyed and interviewed precarious workers in France during the COVID-19 crisis, in March and April 2020. We oversampled gig economy workers, in particular in driving and food delivery occupations (hereafter drivers and bikers), residing in metropolitan areas. These workers cannot rely on stable incomes and are excluded from the labor protections offered to employees, features which have been exacerbated by the crisis. We analyzed outcomes for precarious workers during the mandatory lockdown in France as an extreme case to better understand how financial precarity relates to health risks and mental well-being. Our analysis revealed that 3 weeks into the lockdown, 56% of our overall sample had stopped working and respondents had experienced a 28% income drop on average. Gig economy drivers reported a significant 20 percentage point larger income decrease than other workers in our sample. Bikers were significantly more likely to have continued working outside the home during the lockdown. Yet our quantitative analysis also
B. Apouey Paris School of Economics-CNRS, Paris, France A. Roulet : M. Stabile (*) INSEAD and CEPR, Fontainebleau, France e-mail: [email protected] I. Solal ESSEC Business School, Cergy, France
revealed that stress and anxiety levels were not higher for these groups and that bikers in fact reported significantly lower stress levels during the lockdown. While this positive association between being a biker and mental health may be interpreted in different ways, our qualitative data led to a nuanced understanding of the effect of gig work on mental well-being in this population group. Keywords Gig economy . Financial precarity . Health and well-being . COVID-19
Introduction The on-demand or “gig” economy has grown significantly in recent years and attracts a growing number of workers who may have few other options or who may be looking for a sense of autonomy. This is especially the case in the dense, urban areas of the developing world. Gig work comes with few or no labor protections however, and as such is synonymous with financial uncertainty and sparks concerns for worker health and welfare. These concerns become especially acute in times of crisis, where financial uncertainty can suddenly escalate to extreme precarity. We exploited data from workers during the COVID-19 crisis in France to investigate the financial and health consequences for gig workers. Our paper relates to the literature on gig work and its implications for workers’ economic conditions and health status [1, 2]. Platform workers, defined as
Apouey et al.
individuals “who use an app (such as Uber) or a website (such as Ama
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