Global Change and Baltic Coastal Zones
Climate change and ongoing transformation processes in economy and agriculture will have strong and multiple impacts in the Baltic region. In particular coastal zones face increasing hazards, e.g. due to sea level rise or changes in riverine nutrient load
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Coastal Research Library VOLUME 1
Series Editor: Charles W. Finkl Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research community. The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management, engineering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant issues such as conflict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The scope of the Series is broad and with a unique crossdisciplinary nature. The Series would tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial. Monographs as well as contributed volumes are welcomed.
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8795
Global Change and Baltic Coastal Zones Editors
Gerald Schernewski Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany
Jacobus Hofstede Schleswig-Holstein State Ministry for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas, Kiel, Germany
Thomas Neumann Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany
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Editors Gerald Schernewski Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Coastal and Marine Management Group Seestrasse 15 18119 Rostock Germany [email protected]
Jacobus Hofstede Schleswig-Holstein State Ministry for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas Kiel Germany [email protected]
Thomas Neumann Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Seestrasse 15 18119 Warnemünde Germany [email protected]
ISSN 2211-0577 e-ISSN 2211-0585 ISBN 978-94-007-0399-5 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0400-8 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0400-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011925382 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the term Climate Change means a climatic change attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. According to IPCC (2007), eleven of the last 12 years (1995–2006) rank among the twelve warmest years since 1850. Observations of in
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